PCR-DGGE(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and clone library analysis combined with culture dependent isolation methods were used to analyze the population composition and its stability over different production batches of one commercial biofertilizer.DGGE fingerprinting showed that samples from the same production batch had 80%~100% similarity coefficient and those from different batches had 80%~88%,an indication that population composition of the biofertilizer was relative stable within the same batch and from batch to batch.Isolation followed with 16S rRNA clone library analysis showed that the microorganisms contained in the products were not in agreement with the product's label.Only Lactobacillus,one of the 6 microorganisms labeled in the products,was detected in the samples.Other bacteria detected with the two methods were Bacillus,Monascus,Brevibacillus,Psudomonas and Penicillium,which were not listed in the product's label.These results showed that molecular ecological methods may provide a new technology for quality control of biofertilizers.

BACKGROUND: Mathematics ability is one of the basic abilities in human intelligence and mathematics disability is a universal type in key period of school-age children to master the mathematical concepts, perform the abstract calculation and form comprehensive mathematics ability, which is lack of a special rating scale and reference norm.OBJECTIVE: To establish a suitable evaluated norm for rating scale of pupil's basic mathematical abilities.DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of multi-phase stratified cluster random sampling.SETTING: The experiment was presided by Tongji Medical College collaborating with the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing,Hebei province, Jiangsu province, shangdong province, Lengshuijiang,Hainan province and Hainan province, Herbin Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, West China University of Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical College, Lanzhou Medical College and other units.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 22 039 people were investigated in nationwide,including 14 693 students (7 377 urban ones and 7 316 ones, respectively), who were randomly selected from Grade One to Six of urban and rural general elementary schools.METHODS: Between June and September 2003, students from Grade One to Six of general elementary schools were sampled. According to the Fifth National Population Census in 2000 and based on sex, nation, area and city or count, the Chinese Rating Scale of Pupil's Mathematic Abilities was applied in group-test on mathematic abilities of the cluster-selected students with multi-phase-stratified sampling method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Calculative ability, logical thinking and spatial-visual abilities and so on.RESULTS: The norm samples of 14 693 subjects including 7 377 urban students and 7 316 rural students all entered the result analysis. ①The mean scores of each sub-test for the two sampled subjects gradiently increased along with grades rising; the scores of subtests among various ages from urban and rural samples (paired comparison) had significant differences (P ＜ 0.05); the scores of sub-tests of urban samples in various grades were higher than those of rural samples (t=2.234-11.766, P ＜ 0.05). The urban (n=7 377) and rural (n=7 316) norms were established, respectively.②The reference norm was composed of converted T score and percentile P,the T scores in every mid-term and final-term were estimated to calculate Z scores; finally, the probability function P under normal distribution was achieved. ③The evaluation of mathematics abilities were classified into 5 grades: it was average with the scores of (-x)±s (P=16%-84%); good if between (-x)+s and (-x)+2s (P=84%-97.5%); excellent if exceeded (-x)+2s(P ＞ 97.5%); inferior if between (-x)-s and (-x)-2s(P=16%-2.5%); worse if lower than (-x)-2s (P ＜ 2.5%).CONCLUSION: The constituent ratio of normal samples is basically consistent with the data of total population and the distribution of samples in various grades and sexes is nearly equilibrate; there are significant differences in scores of most subtests on mathematics abilities between urban and rural children, which suggest that it is necessary to establish urban and rural norm, respectively.

The causes of Cd-induced anemia and the preventive effect of Fe, Zn or Cu was studied. Day-old male chicken were randomly divided on body weight to 6 groups:A, Basal diet; B, Basal diet + Cd; C, Basal diet + Cd + Fe; D, Basal diet + Cd + Zn, E, Basal diet + Cd + Cu, F, Basal Diet + Cd + Fe + Zn + Cu. After 3 weeks feeding, the parameters to evaluate anemia of the chicken were observed.The results indicated: 1. Dietary Cd produced normocytic hypochro-mic anemia in chicken. Its causes were related to the abnormal size and decreased resistance of RBC and the deficiency of Fe and Cu in the chicken. 2. Dietary supplement of Fe and Cu was able to prevent Cd-induced anemia, but Zn had no effect. 3. Dietary Cd produced growth retardation in chicken and it could be prevented by supplementing Fe, Zn or Cu.

During the past few years,mounting evidence has proved that the protection induced by vaccines or the prognosis of diseases is correlated with the quantity and quality of T cell responses in both mouse models and human infectious diseases.Examination of one or a few effector functions might not fully reflect the antigen-specific immunity.Recent studies demonstrated that after antigen stimulation,T cells could be induced to produce two or more effector functions simultaneously at single cell level,including cytokines,chemokines production and cytotoxic related molecules,which are named as polyfunctional T cells.Further studies indicated that these polyfunctional T cells are linked to protection from infectious diseases.Therefore,measuring multiple functions of T cells simultaneously is essential for the proper evaluation of specific immunity and may have substantial implications for the design of vaccines.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the safety and immunological effects of Measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)attenuated live at-tenuated vaccine in children. METHODS:300 children aged 8-12 months receiving inoculation were selected from Changsha Hospi-tal for Maternal and Child Health Care during Jan. 2015-Apr. 2016 to observe safety and immunological effects. Those children were divided into MMR group,measles vaccine group,mumps vaccine group and rubella vaccine group according to vaccine type, with 75 cases in each group. The occurrence of ADR in 72 h were compared among 4 groups after inoculation;venous blood of chil-dren was collected before vaccination and 5 months after vaccination,and the antibody positive test was carried out by micro coagu-lation inhibition (HI) test;HI antibody titer was recorded after immunization,and positive rate and genometric meantiter(GMT) were calculated. RESULTS:The incidence of ADR in 4 groups were 9.33%,8.00%,8.00% and 10.67%,respectively. No local ADR was found in 4 groups;among systemic ADR,the incidence of fever was higher than that of other clinical manifestations,be-ing 4.00%,4.00%,4.00% and 5.33%;there was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR among 4 groups(P>0.05). Measles,mumps and rubella antibody positive rates of MMR group were 100%,92.00% and 100%,respectively;antibody posi-tive rates of measles vaccine group,mumps vaccine group and rubella vaccine group were 100%,85.33% and 100%,respective-ly;there was no statistical significance in same antibody positive rate among 4 groups(P>0.05). GMT of measles in MMR group and measles vaccine group were 1∶41 and 1∶27,that of mumps in MMR group and mumps vaccine group were 1∶6.3 and 1∶6.2, there was no statistical significance (P>0.05);GMT of rubella in MMR group and rubella vaccine group were 1∶320 and 1∶849, with statistical significance (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Compared to traditional single vaccine,MMR dose not increase the inci-dence of ADR and not influence positive rate,but GMT of rubella increases significantly,to which should be paid attention.

The blood levels of hemoglobin(Hb), cerrulo-plasmin (Cp), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glu-tathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), malonaldehyde(MAD) and the concentrition of Cd, Fe, Cu andSe in liver were measured 4 weeks after weanedSprague-Dawley rats fed on Cd-supplemented diet(Cd 100mg/kg). The results indicated that. theconcentrition of Fe, Cu and Se in liver and theblood levels of Hb, SOD and GSH-Px activity weredecreased, but the blood level of MAD was in-creased by dietary Cd. The abnormal changes andanemia induced by Cd were able to be partially al-leviated by oral supplementing Fe, Cu and Se. Itsuggested. that Cd was able to produce peroxidationof erythrocyte membrane lipids. It is a possiblemechanism of the decreased survival of erythrocyteand hemolysis by Cd.

The US federal government regards health information technology (HIT) as an important action to stimulate growth of the health information economy.To implement HIT,the federal government proposed a tiered plan from organization guarantee,institutional innovation,HIT system design to economy stimulating mechanism,and to health care providers as well.In view of China's HIT development,it is proposed that HIT must proceed with healthcare reform in parallel.Stage-setup by the government,competition among enterprises,and active role of medical service providers constitute fundamental guarantee to ensure HIT go on wheels.Electronic health records of individuals should play key roles in promoting pragmatic and shared medicine health care information system.

The majority of women diagnosed with early-stage breast-cancer have an excellent long-term prognosis, but many still suffer from worsened life quality and infertility caused by chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea(CIA). The risk of CIA varies by patient age, but is not significantly influenced by chemotherapeutic regimens. CIA will improve disease-free survival and overall survival for patients with hormonal receptor positive tumors. For low-risk patients and patients with the intention of maintaining fertility, proper treatments need to be chosen to preserve their reproductive function.

Objective To evaluate the improvement of endothelial function by folic acid and B vitamins supplement in patients of coronary artery disease who undergone interventional therapy.Methods Eighty patients of coronary artery disease who undergone interventional therapy were divided into two groups:control group(40 cases,routine treatment)and treatment group(the others,with routine treatment plus orally taken folic acid and B vitamins,folic acid 15mg/d,vitamin B_(12)75μg/d,vitamin B_6 30mg/d,for 6 months).Plasma homocystine (Hcy)was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and flow-mediated dilation(FMD)of the brachial artery was assessed by high resolution ultrasound before and after 6 months.Results After treatment,the levels of Hcy decreased obviously in treatment group[(8.62±3.51)μmol/L]than that in control group[(12.96±4.62)μmol/L](P<0.01).The FMD was increased significantly in treatment group[(4.22±1.46)%vs (8.74±1.51)%,P<0.01].Conclusions Routine treatment,including aspirin and stafins,significantly improves endothehal function in patients with coronary artery disease.Folic acid and B vitamins supplement may exert beneficial effects on patients with coronary artery disease.

Objective To investigate the changes in cerebral cAMP and PKA levels during development of acute opioid tolerance induced by remifentanil and to determine whether post-receptor cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is involved in the process. Methods Fifty-six male Kunming mice weighing 25-35 g were randomly divided into 5 groups: group Ⅰ control (C) (n=8); group Ⅱ received morphine infused intraperitoneally (IP) at 0.6 μg'kg-1·min-1 for 120min(M) (n=8); group Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ received remifentnil infused IP at 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 μg·kg-1·min-1 for 120 min(R1=8, R2n=8; R3 n=24).Control group received IP infusion of normal saline. Tail-flick test was performed td measure the response of animals to a thermal nociceptive stimulus before IP infusion, at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after beginning of IP infusion and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after termination of IP infusion. Eight animals were decapitated at 60 min after termination of IP infusion in all 5 groups and the other 16 animals in group R3 were decapitated at 30 and 45 min after termination of IP infusion (n=8 each) for determination of intracellular contents of cAMP and activities of PKA in cerebral cortex and inferior colliculus-striatum by ELISA or radioactive isotope [32p,] ATP-catalyzing assay. Results The tail-flick latency was significantly prolonged during IP infusion as compared with the baseline before infusion in group M, R1 , R2 and R3 but became significantly shorter at 30 and 45 min after infusion than the baseline values in group R1, R2 and R3indicating hyperalgesia after remifentauil infusion. The cerebral contents of cAMP and PKA activities at 60 min after termination of infusion were comparable or decreased in group M, R1, R2 and R3 as compared with group C. There was no significant difference in cerebral cAMP contents and PKA activities at 30, 60 and 45 min after IP remifentanil infusion in group R3. Conclusion Remifentanil can induce acute hyperalgesic effect on mice, and there is no up-regulation of post-receptor cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in the acute opioid tolerance, which is not similar to that chronic opioid tolerance.