Objective To compare the high risk factors, complications, treatment and prognosis of respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in neonates at different gestational age (GA). Methods Between August 2012 and July 2013, 156 neonates with RDS were selected and distributed into 3 groups, 42 early preterm (GA<34weeks), 52 late preterm (GA 35 to 36 weeks), and 62 in term group (GA≥37 weeks). Retrospectively analysis was performed for high risk factors, complications, treatment and prognosis of the three groups. Results In 156 neonates with RDS, the male and female proportion was 2.25:1. All groups had more males, but the gender difference has no statistical signiifcance in three groups (P=0.923). The onset time of RDS and the hospitalization time both show an increasing trend of statistical signiifcance (P<0.05). Comparing the difference of high risk factors for RDS of the 3 groups, birth asphyxia, placental abnormalities, multiple pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes was most common in early preterm group, and followed by late preterm group, and C-section was most common in term group and unexplained preterm was more common in early preterm group than that in late preterm group (all P<0.05). Among the three groups, the ratio of pulmonary surfactant application was the lowest in the term group, the ratio of X-ray grade over II was high-est in early preterm group, oxygen and hospitalization time were the longest in early preterm group (P<0.05). The risks of com-plicated with pulmonary infection, intracranial hemorrhages and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were the highest in early preterm group and the risk of complicated pneumothorax was the highest in term group. Among three groups, the recovery rate was the lowest in the early preterm group (P<0.01). Conclusion The clinical characteristics, high risk factors, complications and treat-ment responses of RDS in neonates with different GA were different, so GA should be considered for diagnose and treatment. For the term infants, the elective caesarean section should be strictly controlled, in order to reduce the incidence of RDS.

AIM: To observe the humoral immune response in adult rhesus monkey induced by A? 1-15 vaccine. METHODS: 5 adult male rhesus monkeys were injected intramuscularly with A? 1-15 vac cine at baseline and at week 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22. The titer and IgG isotypes of the antibody against A? 1-42 in the serum were measured with ELISA. The specificity of the antibody against A? 1-42 was determined by Wester n blotting. The A? plaques in Tg2576 transgenic mouse brain were stained with t he antisera using immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: At the eighth week after the vaccination, antibody against A? 1-42 bega n to develop significantly i n the serum. The titers of the antibody increased following vaccine boosted and reached 1: 3 840 at the twenty-fourth week, then decreased after the terminat ion o f inocunation. The IgG1 was accounted for the highest level in the antisera pool . The antibody against A? 1-42 showed high specificity. The A? plaques in Tg2576 transgenic mouse brain were labeled with the antisera. CONCLUSION: A? 1-15 vacci ne could induce vigorously specific humoral immune responses in adult rhesus mon key.

With 58 of New Zeeland rabbits, following experiments were carried out: (1) the dose-response relationship of MSG which decreased the body temperat ure; (2) the effects of the propranolol and the anisodamine (654-2) on the action of decreasing body temperature by MSG. The results indicated: following intravenous administration of MSG at a dose of 0.5g/kg. w and 1.0g/kg. w, the body temperature of rabbits were decreased significantly, but at a dose of 0.1g/kg.w, the change of temperature was insignificant.Pretreatment with propranolol did not affect the effect of MSG decreasing body temperature which was blocked significantly by anisodamine, one of blocker of the cholinergic nerve. The authors suggest that the effect of MSG decreasing body temperature may depend on the cholinergic nerve.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that amyloid-beta 42 protein (Aβ42) immunization in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease(AD)can induce specific Aβ42 antibody, clear Aβ from the brain, and thereby improve spatial learning and memory. It has been a promising treatment strategy for AD.OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Aβ42 and its subunit vaccines immunization on spatial learning and memory of APPSWE transgenic mice.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experiment with mice as subjects.SETTING: The brain research laboratory of the anatomy department in a the medical college of a univeristy.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Animal Center and the Anatomy Department of Sun Yat-sen University from April 2003 to February 2004. Thirty-two APPSWE transgenic mice of 5 months old were bought from Taconic Company, USA. The second generation of mice were successfully reproduced in the Anatomy Department. These mice were randomly assigned into four groups: control group, Aβ42 group, Aβ1-15group, and Aβ36-42 group. Each group contained 8 in each group.INTERVENTIONS: Aβ42 and its subunits combined with MF59 adjuvant were subcutaneously injected for fundamental immunity and then applied in nasal mucosa for intensified immunization. The immunization period was 8 months. Y-maze was used for behavior test before immunization and Morris water maze was used after immunization.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spatial learning and memory, mean escape latency, times of passing through the platform point, swimming distance percentage of the first quadrant, and swimming distance percentage of the 20% marginal area.RESULTS: The correct reaction times in Y-maze behavior test were 7.50 ±0. 81, 7.06 ±0.71, 7.19 ±0.91, and 7.50 ±0.86 respectively in the control, Aβ42, Aβ1-15, Aβ36-42 groups and there was no significant difference ( P ＞ 0. 05) . After immunization, the mean escape latencies in 8 units of localized navigation test were(67.3 ±2. 8) s, (23.6 ± 1.6) s, (26.4 ±2.0) s,and (36.5 ± 2.2) s. The results in three experiment groups were different from that in control group and there was no difference between the three experiment groups ( P ＞ 0. 05 ) . The mean times of passing through the platform point in the 4 groups were 0.71 ±0.29, 8.14 ± 1.37, 7.28 ± 1.34,and 3.29 ± 0. 67. Swimming distance percentage of the first quadrant in the4 groups were(24.3 ±2.9)%, (50.6±11.6)%, (49.9±9.3) %,and(35.4±7.0)% and the swimming distance percentages of 20%marginal area were (46.4 ± 7.3 ) %, ( 11.6 ± 3.9) %, ( 14.4 ± 2. 6) %, and (25.8 ± 3.3)%. The mice in three experiment groups showed increase in the times of passing through platform point, swimming distance percentage of the first quadrant, and decrease in distance percentage of 20% marginal area compared with control group. The results in three experiment groups were no significantly different( P ＜ 0. 05).CONCLUSION: Immunization with A342 and its subunits can effectively ameliorate impairment of spatial learning and memory in APPSWE transgenic mice.

AIM and METHODS:To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation of VSA on the firing of thermosensitive neurons in preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH), the firing rate of thermosensitive neurons in POAH of 20 New Zealand white rabbits was recorded by using extracellular microelectrode techinque. RESULTS:(1)Electrical stimulation of ventral septal area (VSA) caused a significant increase in firing rate of warm-sensitive neurons in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus(POAH).(2) The firing rate of cold-sensitive neurons was decreased remarkably in the POAH by electrical stimulation of VSA. CONCLUSION:VSA may play a controlling role in the thermoregulation through altering the firing rate of thermosensitive neurons in the POAH.

AIM: The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of ?-MSH on partial biological activities of LPS. METHODS:Colorimetric method was used for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages, the apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNs) and the binding of LPS to monocytes were studied with flow cytometry. RESULTS: It was found that LPS strongly stimulated macrophages to release H_2O_2. When macrophages were cultured with ?-MSH in the presence of LPS, the H_2O_2 release was markedly suppressed (P0.05). In the presence of LPS, however, ?-MSH significantly promoted the apoptosis of PMNs (P

AIM and METHODS: To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation of VSA on the firing of thermosensitive neurons in preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH), the firing rate of thermosensitive neurons in POAH of 20 New Zealand white rabbits was recorded by using extracellular microelectrode techinque. RESULTS: (1)Electrical stimulation of ventral septal area (VSA) caused a significant increase in firing rate of warm-sensitive neurons in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus(POAH).(2) The firing rate of cold-sensitive neurons was decreased remarkably in the POAH by electrical stimulation of VSA. CONCLUSION: VSA may play a controlling role in the thermoregulation through altering the firing rate of thermosensitive neurons in the POAH .

After tooth extraction, labial contour collapses due to inevitable physiologic bone remodeling. To achieve optimal outcomes for pink esthetic treatment at anterior implant sites, bone or soft tissue augmentation has been advocated to maintain or reconstruct the labial tissue contour. When choosing soft tissue augmentation for esthetic restoration, it is necessary to strictly grasp the indications for surgery. Soft tissue augmentation to maintain or reconstruct the labial tissue contour could be considered in patients with healthy soft tissue and no bone defects or only mild horizontal bone defects. In immediate, early and late implant placement, the timing of soft tissue augmentation may vary. In immediate implantation, the labial bone plate is intact, so it is highly recommended to simultaneously manage soft tissue during implant placement. However, patients may have large bone defects with early or late implant placement. The risk of augmenting bone and soft tissue simultaneously is likely too high, and bone augmentation surgery is often performed at the first stage while soft tissue augmentation surgery is performed at the second stage. Therefore, soft tissue surgery is often carried out simultaneously with abutment connection. Currently, soft tissue augmentation is achieved mostly with adjacent autologous soft tissue grafts, such as free gingival grafts, subepithelial connective tissue grafts or pedicle palatal flaps, which are often accompanied by a second surgical area. The replacement of autogenous soft tissue grafting with new biological materials will become an inevitable trend. In this article, we analyze and summarize the indications, timing and different methods of soft tissue augmentation to maintain and reconstruct the labial contour.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the effects of Chaihu Shugan powder ( CSP) on lipid metabolism and the pro-teins involved in adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway in the liver tissues of the rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly di-vided into normal control ( NC) group, with HFD ( HFD) group and CSP group.The NAFLD models were established by feeding with HFD for 16 weeks in the rats.The rats in CSP group were intragastrically administered with CSP extracts (9.6 g· kg-1 · d-1 ) , and blood and liver samples were collected 16 weeks later.Serum and liver levels of total cholesterol ( TC) and triglyceride ( TG) , and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase ( AST) were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer.The histological changes of liver tissues were observed with HE staining, while the lipid deposition was observed with Oil Red O staining.The ultrastructural changes of the liver tissues were observed under transmission electron microscope.Moreover, the protein levels of AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK), SIRT1 and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the liver were detected by Western blot.RESULTS:The results of HE staining, Oil Red O staining and electron microscopy demonstrated that NAFLD rat model was successfully estab-lished.Compared with NC group, the serum and liver levels of TC and TG, and serum level of AST in model group were markedly elevated ( P<0.01) .Moreover, the protein levels of pAMPK and SIRT1 in HFD group were markedly reduced (P<0.01), whereas UCP2 level was elevated (P<0.01).Furthermore, liver levels of TC and TG, and serum level of AST in GSP group were markedly reduced as compared with HFD group ( P<0.05 ) .The protein levels of pAMPK and SIRT1 were elevated ( P<0.05 ) , whereas the UCP2 level was reduced as compared with HFD group ( P<0.01 ) .The protein level of AMPK between the 3 groups had no significant difference.CONCLUSION: CSP attenuates hepatic lipid disorder and hepatic lipid deposition in NAFLD rats induced by feeding with HFD for 16 weeks, which is associated with the activation of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.

Objective: On the basis of the dominant frequency index of functional connectivity, the "brain age" analysis method was used to explore abnormal development patterns of sensorimotor networks in boys with autism spectrum disorder(ASD). Methods: The resting state functional magnetic resonance data (7-12 years old) for 105 boys with ASD and 102 matched boys with normal development from the ABIDE public database were screened. Functional connection networks in different frequency bands of sensorimotor related brain regions were constructed for each individual, and the frequency of the strongest connection were constructed as the optimal frequency of the connection. Brain age analysis was used to explore the difference between brain age and chronological age in boys with ASD. Results: The brain sensorimotor network of boys with ASD showed an abnormal development pattern of overdevelopment followed by underdevelopment, and the transition between the two patterns occurred at approximately 7.8 years of age. Older boys with ASD (older than 10 years) whose underdevelopment trend was suppressed had lower ASD severity( r=-0.43, P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The brain sensorimotor network in boys with ASD has an abnormal development process, and the brain chronological age difference in the sensorimotor network has potential as a neuroimaging marker to measure the development of ASD.