Objective To explore the localization and distribution of estrogen receptor alpha (ER ?) and estrogen receptor beta (ER ?) in retina tissues of normal female rats. Methods Twenty-two SD female rats were killed by dislocation of cervical vertebra, the eyeballs were paraffin embedded and made to a series of sections which were then studied by means of immunohistochemical method. The uterus samples of rats with positive ER were used as positive control, and PBS as negative control. The serum estradilum levels of rats were examined by radioimmunoassay. Results A few specimens were found to be ER ? positive expression in retina pigment epithelium (RPE), ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer; while in other regions the ER ? negative expressed. The ER ? evidently expressed in different retina regions which were detected mainly in RPE and nerve ganglion cell layer as well as nerve fiber layer, and secondly in internal plexiform layer, while few ER ? expressed in other regions. Immunoreactivity positive substances were granule in shape which were located in the cytoplasm of pigment epithelium, or in cytoplasm, or in the nucleus of ganglion cell, or diffuse distributed in relative regions of retina. The positive expression rates of ER ? were higher than that of ER ? in RPE, ganglion cell layer and in nerve fiber layer (P

Objective To identify knowledge structure and knowledge requirement of undergradu-ate course nursing teachers in our province, and offer corresponding training suggestions to construct teaching staff with reasonable knowledge structure. Methods The author adopted investigation method by giving questionnaire to 181 nursing teachers that assumed undergraduate course nursing education, the main content included general circumstance, knowledge structure and knowledge requirement of un-dergraduate course nursing teachers in Heilongjiang province. Results Nursing teachers in the fields of knowledge all had low score items, they most lacked foreign languages and expertise knowledge, the ur-gent need was to improve teaching theory and practice of teaching ability. Conclusions Nursing teach-ers possess some weak links in all areas of knowledge to different' extent, and the knowledge structure needs to be further improved. The college leaders should provide targeted training combined with nursing teachers' knowledge needs.

Objective To understand the basic structure of undergraduate nursing education teachers in Heilongjiang province in order to provide the scientific reference for the construction of our provincal nurse teachers troop.Methods Using self-made questionnaires and in the form of mail,the investigation about the basic structure and existing problems of undergraduate nursing education teachers in Heilongjiang province was carried out from December 2006 to March 2007.Results The finding was that at present some disparities existed between the basic situation of the teachers troop and higher nursing education development request.Number of professional and part-time teachers bad very wide difference;the professional title distribution was unreasonable in various schools and the proportion of double-teacher type was somewhat low,education background levels were different and the teachers who had hish education qualification were scarce;the teachers'insufficient teaching experience caused the poor teaching basic skills and so on.Conclusions There exists certain problems in undergraduate nursing education teachers in Heilongjiang province.Not until the positive countermeasures according to the cause were taken,can we construct a nursing teachers troop which has the required education background,the reasonable structure and the developmental potential.

There has been existing problems such as teaching method and test pattern in construction of medicine mathematical statistic curriculum in the medicine colleges. In combination with the teaching practice and the theory pondered,the article has elaborated several views to medicine mathematical statistic educational reform.

Objective To study the measure and two-year effects of cognitive-behavior therapy on adolescent with internet addiction disorder(IAD). Methods 76 cases with IAD were divided to randomized controlled trial, then 38 cases in each group. But 36 cases ( lost 2 cases) were completed in follow-up study group and control group of 34 cases (lost 2 cases). There were various forms of cognitive behavioral intervention in two years.The Chinese Internet Addiction Scale( CIAS), Symptom Gheck List-90 (SCL-90) scale and Coping Style Questionnaire(CSQ) were adapted to evaluate the effects when the cognitive-behavior therapy was started, after treatment at 2 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months respectively assessment for 5 times. Results The scores of CIAS in the study group were significantly lower than that of the control group( (43.53 ± 10. 37 ), (53.06 ± 5.40),(47.56 ± 10.02) ,(53.50 ±5.28) ,(42.68 ±6.23), (54.02 ±6.49), P＜0.05 or P＜0. 01 ) and decreased obviously with the extension of time (F= 14. 464, P＜ 0. 01; F= 0. 537, P＞ 0.05 ). Problem-solving and help factor of CSQ in the study group were significantly higher than that of control group( (0.82 ± 0. 11 ), ( 0.62 ± 0. 48 ), (0.78 ±0.12),(0.65 ±0.38) ,(0.90±0.28),(0.62 ±0. 37)); (0. 68 ±0.41), (0.45 ±0.29),(0. 74 ±0. 30),(0.45 ± 0. 11 ), (0.79 ± 0. 33 ), (0.46 ± 0. 18 ) ) and self-blame, fantasy , withdrawal factors were significantly lower than it((0. 21 ±0. 13),(0.40 ±0.27), (0.24 ±0.06),(0. 38 ±0. 19), (0.25 ±0.16),(0.42 ±0.24) );( (0.27 ±0.02) ,(0.45 ±0.27) ,(0.31 ±0.09) ,(0.44 ±0.28) ,(0.30 ±0.24) ,(0.46 ±0.19) ;(0.42 ±0.05),(0.54 ±0.33),(0.34 ±0.17),(0.55 ±0.29),(0.31 ±0. 19),(0.50 ±0.30), P＜0.05 or P＜0. 01 ). There were significant differences of SCL-90 total score between the study group and the control group at 4 times for evaluation ( ( 142.25 ± 30.44), ( 182.56 ± 36.23 ), ( 175.36 ± 26.44 ), ( 191.56 ± 38.32 ), ( 163.36 ±29.21),(196.75±35.46),(143.33±21.35),(194.11 ±28.19), P＜0. 05 orP＜0.01). Conclusion Developed cognitive-behavior therapy has obvious effects on the adolescents with IAD in two years.

Objective To research the expression of the estrogen receptor alpha ( Erα) and estrogen receptor beta ( Erβ) in uvea tissues of the female rats, and to provide molecular biology data for further studies of the relation estrogen to uvea diseases. Methods Twenty-two adolescent SD female rats were selected. All rats were killed by dislocation of cervical vertebra, the eyeballs were in paraffin imbedding and made to a series of sections, using immunohistochemical method;Erα and Erβ distribution were investigated in uvea tissue of rats;and quantitied by Tanaka scores analytical method. The uteri of rats was used as positive control and PBS as negative control. The level of estradiol in serum of the rats were examined by radioimmunoassay. Results The expression level of Erβ was moderate or highter in stroma cell, anterior pigment epithelium as well as pasterior pigment epithelium of the iris, unpigmented epithelium, pigmented ciliary epithelium and vascular endocemet of the choroid layers. But Erα was not obviously expressed in uvea tissues. The expression rate of Erβ was higher than Erα in these tissues(P＜0.05). Immnoreactivity positive substance was granule, which was distributed in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The level of estradiol in serum of the rats was (22.13±3.54)ng/L.Conclusion The expression of either Erα or Erβ in uvea tissues of rats is mainly in Erβ. The results indicate that uvea tissue is regulated directly by estrogen throught Erβ.

Objective:To study the dynamic changes of the main active components in wine-processed Cuscuta chinensis with dif-ferent rocessing methods. Methods: An HPLC method was adopted for the content determination of chlorogenic acids, hyperoside, quercetin and kaempferol in C. chinensis and wine-processed C. chinensis with different baking temperature, baking time and amount of yellow wine. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: the detection wavelength was 360 nm, and methanol-0. 1% phosphoric acid was used as the mobile phase with gradient elution. Results:The wine processing system could increase the content of quercetin and kaempferol, while decrease the content of chlorogenic acids and hyperin. Conclusion: Different processing methods have certain effects on the main active components, which provide basis for the further study on the processing mechanism and quality control of wine-processed C. chinensis.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of different processing methods on 4 kinds of flavonoids contents in salt-pro-cessed Cuscuta chinensis. METHODS:Salt-processed C. chinensis piece was processed with different baking temperature (70 ℃, 100℃,130℃,160℃,190℃and 210℃),baking time(10 min,15 min,30 min,45 min,60 min and 75 min)and moisten-ing time(0.5 h,1 h,2 h,4 h and 6 h). HPLC was adopted for contents determination of hyperoside,rutin,quercetin and kaemp-ferol:the column was Synergi 4u Hydro-Rp 80A with mobile phase of methanol- 0.1% phosphoric acid (gradient elution) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 360 nm,and column temperature was 35 ℃. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.416-12.48 μg for hyperoside (r=0.999 9),0.14-4.2 μg for rutin (r=0.999 9),0.185-5.55 μg for quercetin (r=0.999 9) and 0.078-2.34 μg (r=0.999 8);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 3%;recoveries were 95.55%-99.74%(RSD=2.12%,n=6),95.96%-101.42%(RSD=2.01%,n=6),95.76%-102.75%(RSD=2.77%,n=6), 99.42%-104.93%(RSD=2.02%,n=6). The flavonoids in salt-processed C. chinensis showed highest contents when baking tem-perature was 160℃,baking time was 60 min and moistening time was 2 h. CONCLUSIONS:Different processing methods have certain effects on flavonoids contents in salt-processed C. chinensis.

Objective To observe the anti-inflammatory effects of rhamnocitrin in Oxytropis falcata Bunge;To provide experimental evidence for searching the anti-inflammatory active component of Oxytropis falcata Bunge. Methods Kunming mice or Wistar rats were randomly divided into model group, naproxen group and rhamnocitrin high-, medium-, low-dose groups, and corresponding medicines were administered by gavage for 7 days. Animal inflammatory models were established respectively by the mice ear swelling induced by dimethylbenzene, the mice abdominal capillary permeability induced by acetic acid, the rat paw edema created by injection of albumen and the rat granuloma induced by cotton pellet wool. The effects of rhamnocitrin on acute and chronic inflammatory animal models were observed. Results Different doses of rhamnocitrin groups could reduce the animal ear swelling, abdominal capillary permeability, paw edema and granuloma. Compared with the model group, there were obvious differences in rhamnocitrin groups (P<0.05). High dose rhamnocitrin group and naproxen group showed relatively strong inhibition effects on swelling, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Rhamnocitrin has anti-inflammatory effects and is an important biological component of Oxytropis falcata Bunge.

Objective To clear the coping process of ischemic stroke patients and their families before the onset,explain its response rules and the influence factors,and provide scientific basis for the construction of comprehensive stroke pre-hospital intervention program.Methods A semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 cases.Data were analyzed using the grounded theory.Results Ischemic stroke patients and their families at the onset process experienced recognition,reaction,alert and action stage.Conclusion Health education should be combined with the whole process of ischemic stroke patients and their families before hospital,building a comprehensive intervention program.