Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

The health hazards of arsenic are various. Since children are in the period of rapid growth and development, nervous system is more vulnerable to the arsenic exposure in the environment.Not only does it increase the incidence of the corresponding disease in each system, but also results in neurotoxicological impairments including poor cognitive performance and disturbances in visual perception, psychomotor speed, attention, speech and memory. The progress in the field of effects of arsenic on children's health were reviewed in this article, it introduced the background of arsenic, human exposure pathways, metabolism of the human body,health hazards to children and biological monitoring.

Kidney disease is very general in clinic, most of it has complex mechanism and is refractory, often with demonstrations of edema, proteinuria and blood urine, and it often recurs and develops over insufficiency and pathogeny. Analyzing the clinical demonstrations and treatment of kidney disease with“lung viscera state”in“Internal Classics”, we can find the theories have guide meaning on treating and preventing the recurrence and development of kidney diseases, such as “upper energizer developing and distributing flavors of five cereals”on treating proteinuria, “lung stretching water channels and down-flowing bladder”on treating edema,“Shaoyin belonging to kidney which connects with lung”on treating blood urine.

This paper analyses the existing problems in the clinical study of esophageal cancer at present.The author suggests that more attention should be paid to the clinical research for esophageal cancer and puts forward the feasible countermeasure and advices.

Objective To explore the effectiveness of comfort nursing on the parents of children with laryngopharyngeal surgery.Methods Forty-seven parents were admitted for the study,they were divided into the control group(23 cases) and the experimental group(24 cases).The control group accepted routine nursing,while the experimental group accepted comfort nursing based upon routine nursing.The SAS,SDS scores and satisfaction degree were compared between the two groups.Results After the treatment,the SAS and SDS scores of all the parents got better compared with those before treatment.The differences were obvious.While the experimental group had a better improvement than the control group.Also the satisfaction degree of the experimental group was better than that of the control group.Conclusions Comfort nursing can relieve the discomfort and anxiety of the children patients and their parents,improve the adverse emotional state of them,promote recovery of children and improve the nursing quality.

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of gastric cancer under gastroscopy.Methods From Jan.2005 to Dec.2010,160 patients were diagnosed of gastric cancer by endoscopic biopsy.Clinical data of these patients were retrospectively summarized and analyzed.ResultsThere is a high rate of HP infection [71.25％ (114/160)]in the 160 cases with gastric cancer,especially in males,and the infection rate increased with age( Z =2.303,P =0.021 ).For the general morphology of gastric cancer,it was mainly Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ-types for those below or equals to 35 years old(9 cases).The rate of Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types reduced and that of BorrmannⅠ& Ⅱ types increased with age.The ratio of male to female with gastric cancer was 2.26:1.However,the incidence of gastric cancer was higher in young female compared with young males.With the increase of age,the rate of prevalence of gastric cancer grew higher in males than in females ( Z =3.599,P ＜0.001 ).Incidence of gastric fundus-cardia and corpus cancer increased with age.Most patients had low-differentiation adenocarcinoma despite the specific sites of gastric cancer.However,the incidence of low-differentiation adenocarcinoma decreased with age(x2 =9.831,P=0.042).ConclusionThe development of gastric cancer is closely associated with HP infection.For the general morphology of gastric cancer,Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types decrease and Borrmann Ⅰ & Ⅱ types increase with age.The incidence of gastric cancer in male and that located at proximal stomach are increased with age.Moreover,the incidence of high-grade malignant gastric cancer is increased with age.

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN)is an alliance of 21 world leading cancer centers in the U.S.A,working together to develop treatment guidelines for most cancers.The primary goal of all NCCN initiatives is to improve the quality,effectiveness,and efficiency of oncology practice so that patients can live better.The NCCN guidelines have become the most widely used in oncology practice.These guidelines are updated continually and are based upon evaluation of scientific data.The NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines have no Chinese version at present and were not yet used in our clinical practice.We are in an attempt to interpret the NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines in conjunction with our clinical practice in the management of esophageal cancer.

[Objective] To explore the effect of the multiple teaching methods on the teaching of the doctrine of viscera state in the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine.[Methods]Research subjects were divided into study group(the multiple teaching group) and control group(the systematic instruction group),comprehensively evaluate the effect of the multiple teaching methods on the teaching of the doctrine of viscera state in the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine,through the evaluation of teaching quality,students' questionnaire and the test of learning achievement.[Results] The multiple teaching method can improve students' interest in learning,activate the atmosphere of classroom,enhance communication between teachers and students,students generally think the multiple teaching method is helpful to correctly understanding and grasping the knowledge of the doctrine of viscera state,and is reflected in the homeworks and the test of learning achievement,the homeworks and the test of learning achievement of the multiple teaching method group were better than that of the systematic instruction group,there were significant differences between two groups(P＜0.05).[Conclusion]The multiple teaching method is helpful to improve the teaching mode on the doctrine of viscera state in the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine,to enhance the students' learning motivation and ability of cognition,so that students can fully and deeply understand and grasp the doctrine of viscera state.

Objective To observe the changes of neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) index and serum procalcitonin (PCT) in hemodialysis patients with bacterial pneumonia,and to evaluate the effect of these two indicators in the course of diagnosis and treatment.Methods Fifty-three cases of bacterial pneumonia undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in this study from November 2012 to November 2016 (infection group).At the same time,56 patients undergoing hemodialysis without bacterial infection (noninfection group) and fifty volunteers (control group) were also enrolled.The infection pathogen distribution,changes of nCD64 index and serum PCT in three groups were analyzed.And the changes of nCD64 index and serun.PCT before and after treatment in the infection group were analyzed too.Results Totally 53 strains of pathogens in the infection group were isolated,including 36 strains of gram-positive bacteria (accounting for 67.92％) and 17 strains of gram-negative bacteria (accounting for 32.08％).The nCD64 index of infection group,non-infection group and control group were as following:4.13 ± 0.43,0.82 ± 0.08 and 0.78 ± 0.08,and the serum PCT levels of infection group,non-infection group and control group were as following:(3.64 ± 0.29),(0.45 ± 0.04) and (0.45-± 0.04) μg/L.There were significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).The nCD64 index before and after treatment of infection group were 4.13 ± 0.43 and 0.86 ± 0.09.And serum PCT level before and after treatment of infection group were (3.64 ± 0.29) and (0.74 ± 0.07) μg/L.There were significant differences (P＜0.01).Conclusions The nCD64 index and serum PCT are sensitive indicators to determine the happening of bacterial pneumonia in patients undergoing hemodialysis,and it provides critical evidence for the evaluation of treatment in patients.

There is a higher incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in China.During the past decades,esophageal surgery in China has achieved great development through the efforts of several generations of thoracic surgeons.At present there are still many difficulties and challenges for thoracic surgeons.This review will summarize current major difficulties in esophageal surgery and propose some possible solutions.