Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent cancer involving the trigone of the bladder, the proximal urethra, vagina and paratesticular tissue in children, and 15 percent of rhabdomyosarcoma in children arise in the urogenital tract. Rhabdomyosarcoma is highly malignant neoplasm with a tendency toward early infiltration of adjacent structures and metastases to regional lymphnodes and distant organs. We report tow cases of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma with brief review of literatures.
Child ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Rhabdomyosarcoma* ; Testis ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Vagina

In the article, Methods of Hematoxylin and Erosin Image Information Acquisition and Optimization in Confocal Microscopy, there was a typographical error in the title.

Objectives: As endoscopic, laparoscopic, and robotic surgical procedures become more common, surgical videos are increasingly being treated as records and serving as important data sources for education, research, and developing new solutions with recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI). However, most hospitals do not have a system that can store and manage such videos systematically. This study aimed to develop a system to help doctors manage surgical videos and turn them into content and data. Methods: We developed a video archiving and communication system (VACS) to systematically process surgical videos. The VACS consists of a video capture device called SurgBox and a video archiving system called SurgStory. SurgBox automatically transfers surgical videos recorded in the operating room to SurgStory. SurgStory then analyzes the surgical videos and indexes important sections or video frames to provide AI reports. It allows doctors to annotate classified indexing frames, “data-ize” surgical information, create educational content, and communicate with team members. Results: The VACS collects surgical and procedural videos, and helps users manage archived videos. The accuracy of a convolutional neural network learning model trained to detect the top five surgical instruments reached 96%. Conclusions With the advent of the VACS, the informational value of medical videos has increased. It is possible to improve the efficiency of doctors’ continuing education by making video-based online learning more active and supporting research using data from medical videos. The VACS is expected to promote the development of new AI-based products and services in surgical and procedural fields.

Deep learning has recently become one of the most actively researched technologies in the field of medical imaging. The availability of sufficient data and the latest advances in algorithms are important factors that influence the development of deep learning models. However, several other factors should be considered in developing an optimal generalized deep learning model. All the steps, including data collection, labeling, and pre-processing and model training, validation, and complexity can affect the performance of deep learning models. Therefore, appropriate optimization methods should be considered for each step during the development of a deep learning model. In this review, we discuss the important factors to be considered for the optimal development of deep learning models.

Objectives: As endoscopic, laparoscopic, and robotic surgical procedures become more common, surgical videos are increasingly being treated as records and serving as important data sources for education, research, and developing new solutions with recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI). However, most hospitals do not have a system that can store and manage such videos systematically. This study aimed to develop a system to help doctors manage surgical videos and turn them into content and data. Methods: We developed a video archiving and communication system (VACS) to systematically process surgical videos. The VACS consists of a video capture device called SurgBox and a video archiving system called SurgStory. SurgBox automatically transfers surgical videos recorded in the operating room to SurgStory. SurgStory then analyzes the surgical videos and indexes important sections or video frames to provide AI reports. It allows doctors to annotate classified indexing frames, “data-ize” surgical information, create educational content, and communicate with team members. Results: The VACS collects surgical and procedural videos, and helps users manage archived videos. The accuracy of a convolutional neural network learning model trained to detect the top five surgical instruments reached 96%. Conclusions With the advent of the VACS, the informational value of medical videos has increased. It is possible to improve the efficiency of doctors’ continuing education by making video-based online learning more active and supporting research using data from medical videos. The VACS is expected to promote the development of new AI-based products and services in surgical and procedural fields.

Deep learning has recently become one of the most actively researched technologies in the field of medical imaging. The availability of sufficient data and the latest advances in algorithms are important factors that influence the development of deep learning models. However, several other factors should be considered in developing an optimal generalized deep learning model. All the steps, including data collection, labeling, and pre-processing and model training, validation, and complexity can affect the performance of deep learning models. Therefore, appropriate optimization methods should be considered for each step during the development of a deep learning model. In this review, we discuss the important factors to be considered for the optimal development of deep learning models.

No abstract available.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic* ; Sterilization, Tubal*

Medico-legal investigations in Korea depend mostly on postmortem inspection without autopsy. Both untrained physicians and experienced forensic pathologists may not be able to determine the cause and manner of death only by postmortem inspection. The aim of our study was to show the limitations of postmortem inspection by evaluating the discrepancy between the results of postmortem inspection and autopsy after natural death. The manner of death by postmortem inspection changed to unnatural death in 9.4% of the cases (12 cases/127 cases) after autopsy. The cause of death in most cases was consumption of alcohol, agricultural chemicals, and antipsychotic intoxication. The cause of death by postmortem inspection changed in 24.3% of the cases (26 cases/107 cases) among cases of confirmed natural death after autopsy. The positive predictive value of cause of death by postmortem inspection was higher for cardiovascular disease (79.0%) and lower for chronic alcoholism and/or chronic liver disease (28.6%). This study shows that forensic pathologists could make considerable errors in determining the cause and manner of death without autopsy and emphasizes the necessity to refine medico-legal investigations in Korea by introducing the limited autopsy with toxicologic study and supportive postmortem imaging.
Agrochemicals ; Alcoholism ; Autopsy ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cause of Death ; Korea ; Liver Diseases

PURPOSE: Authors reviewed CT and MR findings of patients with parapharyngeal masses, and their incidence and characteristic findings were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 27 CT and 9 MR of pathologically proven 29 patients with primary parapharyngeal mass Neurogenic tumor (17 cases) and other rare masses (3 carotid body tumors, 2 pleomorphic adenomas, 2 cavernous hemangiomas, 1 cavernous lymphangioma, 2 carotid artery pseudoaneurysms, 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 1 idiopathic cervical fibrosis) were included and the characteristic CT and MR findings were studied. RESULTS: Neurilemmoma was seen as a well-demarcated, solid mass of heterogeneous attenuation or intensity, so that pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary gland origin could not be differentiated by demarcation, attenuation, or signal intensity of the tumor itself. The direction of carotid artery displacement was not constant in cases of neurilemmomas while the styloid process was constantly displaced laterally in all cases. Characteristic CT and MR findings of other rare tumors were described. CONCLUSION: Neurogenic tumor is the most common parapharyngeal space mass and the direction of displacement of styloid process might be helpful in differential diagnosis from pleomorphic adenoma. Other rare tumors showed very characteristic CT and MR finidings and could be differentiated easily.
Adenoma, Pleomorphic ; Aneurysm, False ; Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Body Tumor ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymphangioma ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Neurilemmoma ; Salivary Glands, Minor

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory arthritis that affects principally the sacroiliac joints and spine. Approximately 25% of cases are associated with an acute recurrent nongranulomatous iridocyclitis. This disease occurs most frequently in the second and third decades of the life. Males are affected more frequently than females. There is a striking association between this disease and presence of histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, which is found in only 4% to 9% of controls. The antigen is present in 88% to 96% of those with ankylosing spondylitis and in 55% of those with uveitis. The authors experienced lease of acute recurrent uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis in a 47 year old male patient. We performed radiologic and laboratory examinations. Radiologic examinations revealed the massive and diffuse calcification of all paravertebral ligaments showing a "bamboo spine" appearance. Laboratory examinations revealed elevated ESR and positive HLA-B27. We treated him with the systemic and topical steroids and topical mydriatics, and had a good result.
Arthritis ; Female ; Histocompatibility Antigens ; HLA-B27 Antigen ; Humans ; Iridocyclitis ; Ligaments ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mydriatics ; Sacroiliac Joint ; Spine ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing* ; Steroids ; Strikes, Employee ; Uveitis*