Background: The six item Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS-6) has been validated as a reliable tool to measure levels of household disorder. We aimed to investigate the goodness of fit and reliability of a new Malay version of the CHAOS-6. Methods: The original English version of the CHAOS-6 underwent forward-backward translation into the Malay language. The finalised Malay version was administered to 105 myocardial infarction survivors in a Malaysian cardiac health facility. We performed confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) using structural equation modelling. A path diagram and fit statistics were yielded to determine the Malay version's validity. Composite reliability was tested to determine the scale's reliability. Results: All 105 myocardial infarction survivors participated in the study. The CFA yielded a six-item, one-factor model with excellent fit statistics. Composite reliability for the single factor CHAOS-6 was 0.65, confirming that the scale is reliable for Malay speakers. Conclusion: The Malay version of the CHAOS-6 was reliable and showed the best fit statistics for our study sample. We thus offer a simple, brief, validated, reliable and novel instrument to measure chaos, the Skala Kecelaruan, Keriuhan & Tertib Terubahsuai (CHAOS-6), for the Malaysian population.

Background: Stress is a common work-related problem worldwide. Railway workers are predominantly stressed due to their rigid protocols and limited rest opportunities. This study aimed to determine the level of, and factors associated with, stress among railway workers in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all 729 railway workers employed at Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) in eight states in Malaysia via a postal survey. The selfadministered questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic characteristics and the validated Malay version of Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). Response rate was 70.4% (513/729). Results: Mean (SD) age of workers was 41.4 (10.7), with the majority aged 30 years or older (79.3%). Mean (SD) perceived stress was 18.8 (4.3). In multiple linear regression analysis, the significant predictors of high stress were high school versus tertiary education (β = 0.10, 95% CI 0.11, 1.73, P = 0.027) and being a white collar worker versus blue collar (β = 0.113, 95% CI 0.10, 1.74, P = 0.010). Conclusions: Education level and type of work were significantly associated with perceived stress among railway workers in this study.

This study aimed to assess the concurrent validity of the Malay version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) PSS-10 item. Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among all students in a medical faculty in Malaysia. The questionnaire included three parts; socio-demographic correlates, PSS-10 and the validated Malay version of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 item (DASS-21). Spearman's correlation coefficient was used in the analysis. Stress subscale of DASS -21 correlated positively with the total score of PSS-10 (r= +0.50, p<0.001), positively with the negative subscale of PSS-10 (r=+0.36, p<0.001) and negatively with the positive subscale of PSS-10 (perceived coping) (r= -0.33, p<0.001). Conclusion: The Malay Version of PSS-10 has fair correlation with the stress subscale of DASS-21. This confirmed the concurrent validity of this scale, which further strengthened the previous evidence that the Malay version of PSS-10 was a valid tool to measure stress in Malaysian university students. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January – June 2014: 8-13.
Stress, Psychological ; Students, Medical

health concerns, triggering an escalated burden to healthsystems worldwide. The pandemic has altered people’sliving norms, yet coherently escalating countries’ socio-economic instability. This real-time consensus review aimsto describe the epidemiological trends of COVID-19pandemic across six South-East Asian nations, and country-specific experiences on pandemic preparedness, responsesand interventions.Methods: Consensus-driven approach between authorsfrom the six selected countries was applied. Countryspecific policy documents, official government mediastatements, mainstream news portals, global statisticsdatabases and latest published literature available betweenJanuary-October 2020 were utilised for information retrieval.Situational and epidemiological trend analyses wereconducted. Country-specific interventions and challengeswere described. Based on evidence appraised, a descriptiveframework was considered through a consensus. Theauthors subsequently outlined the lessons learned,challenges ahead and interventions that needs to be in placeto control the pandemic. Results: The total number of people infected with COVID-19between 1 January and 16 November 2020 had reached48,520 in Malaysia, 58,124 in Singapore, 3,875 in Thailand,470,648 in Indonesia, 409,574 in Philippines and 70,161 inMyanmar. The total number of people infected with COVID-19 in the six countries from January to 31 October 2020 were936,866 cases and the mortality rate was 2.42%. Indonesiahad 410,088 cases with a mortality rate of 3.38%, Philippineshad 380,729 cases with a mortality rate of 1.90%, Myanmarhad 52,706 cases with a mortality rate of 2.34%, Thailand had3,780 cases with a mortality rate of 1.56%, Malaysia had31,548 cases with a mortality rate of 0.79%, and Singaporehad 58,015 cases with a mortality rate of 0.05% over the 10-month period. Each country response varied depending onits real-time situations based on the number of active casesand economic situation of the country. Conclusion: The number of COVID-19 cases in thesecountries waxed and waned over the 10-month period, thenumber of cases may be coming down in one country, andvice versa in another. Each country, if acting alone, will notbe able to control this pandemic. Sharing of information andresources across nations is the key to successful control ofthe pandemic. There is a need to reflect on how thepandemic affects individuals, families and the community asa whole. There are many people who cannot afford to beisolated from their families and daily wage workers whocannot afford to miss work. Are we as a medical community,only empathising with our patients or are we doing ourutmost to uphold them during this time of crisis? Are thereany other avenues which can curb the epidemic whilereducing its impact on the health and socio-economiccondition of the individual, community and the nation?

Background and objectives: The cumulative time spent without medical intervention in acute stroke patients may affect clinical outcomes. As the onset-to-arrival time to the hospital is crucial for effective treatment interventions, this study aimed to explore the factors associated with pre-hospital delays amongst acute stroke patients. Methods: We explored 932 patients data retrieved from the National Neurology Registry of Seberang Jaya Hospital between January 2013 and December 2018. Data on patient demographics and stroke manifestations were analysed using descriptive, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Results: Most patients were men (62.9%) with an average age of 62 years old. In the final multivariate regression model, pre-hospital delay was significantly lower among Chinese patients (aOR=0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9, p=0.016) and those using hospital ambulance (aOR=0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.7, p<0.001), but higher among patients with lacunar infarcts (aOR=2.5, 95% CI 1.4–3.3; p<0.001). Conclusions: Demographic characteristic (ethnicity) and stroke manifestations, particularly stroke subtypes, and mode of transport were mainly associated with pre-hospital delays among acute stroke patients.