Residency training is the mainstream model of doctor training around the world. Radiol-ogy teaching is an important part of the resident practice training. The purpose is improving and upgrading the quality of the residency training by establishing rigorous management system, intensifying the teachers disposition, setting tutorial system and reforming the examination and supervisor system, the residents.

Clinically, osteoporosis is often observed in combination with different disease states in patients with hepatitis B virus infection, but because of its complex pathogenesis, non-specific early clinical manifestations, and inadequate clinical attention, the patient's prognosis is frequently affected. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection-related osteoporosis in order to raise awareness of the disease.

On the basis of family succession and former experience, professor GUAN Zun-hui has devoted himself to study on acupuncture and moxibustion, and exploited and innovated for them. He has developed the thermal-acupuncture therapy and other special techniques of needling and formed a distinctive GUAN's school of acupuncture and moxibustion. This article highlights GUAN Zun-hui's academic thought of acupuncture and moxibustion on aspects of differentiation experiences of syndromes of meridian, the principle of GUAN's acupuncture prescription and the essentiality of selecting points, GUAN's acupuncture manipulation, and academic innovation.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Meridians ; Moxibustion ; methods

Anterior communicating artery aneurysms (ACoAA) accounts for about 30% of all intracranial aneurysms, and their occurrence and morphology are closely related to A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery. The dominant blood supply of A1 segment of unilateral anterior cerebral artery and the angle between A1 segment and A2 segment are important factors for the formation and development of ACoAA. The aneurysmal orientation of ACoAA is closely related to the morphological features of the A1 segment of the dominant anterior cerebral artery. The morphology of the A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery has an important effect on treatment and outcome of ACoAA.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of minocycline on cognitive functions in neonatal rat after hypoxia exposure and the underlying mechanism. A model of hypoxic brain damage (HBD) was developed by exposing postnatal 1 day (P1) rats to systemic hypoxia. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline (Hy group) or minocycline (Hy + M group) 2 h after hypoxia exposure. Some other P1 rats that were not subjected to systemic hypoxia were used as normal control (NG group). The Y-maze test was used to evaluate learning and memory ability on postnatal day 30. Inflammatory mediators (Iba-1, IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β1), glutamate transporters (EAAT1 and EAAT2), total Tau and phosphorylated Tau (phosphorylation sites: Tyr18, Thr205, Thr231, Ser396 and Ser404) protein expressions in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot 7 d after hypoxic exposure. The results showed that hypoxia induced learning and memory impairments of the neonatal rats, and minocycline administration could reverse the effects of hypoxia. The protein expression levels of Iba-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, EAAT2 and Tau phosphorylated at T231 were increased, but the total Tau expression was decreased in the hippocampus of the rats from Hy group 7 d after hypoxia exposure. In the hypoxia-treated rats, minocycline down-regulated Iba-1, IL-1β, TNF-α and EAAT2 protein expressions significantly, but did not affect total Tau and phosphorylated Tau protein expressions. Our results suggest that minocycline can prevent cognitive deficits of rats with hypoxia exposure, and the underlying mechanism may involve the inhibition of neuroinflammation and dysfunctional glutamate transporters but not the regulation of the Tau hyperphosphorylation.
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glutamates ; Hippocampus ; Hypoxia ; Inflammation ; Learning ; Memory ; Memory Disorders ; Minocycline ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; tau Proteins

Objective: To investigate the effect of transient receptor potential channel M4 (TRPM4) on cerebral artery myogenic tone following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. Methods: Sixty cleangrade healthy SD rats of both sexes were randomly divided into SAH group (n = 30) and sham operation group (n =30) according to the random number table. A SAH model was induced by injecting autologous rat tail artery blood into the suprasellar cistern of rats with stereotactic apparatus. 0.2 ml autologous arterial blood was injected into the rats of the SAH group and 0.2 ml isotonic saline was injected into the rats of the sham operation group. Five days after inducing the SAH model,the cerebral arteries of rats were separated, and the diameter of cerebral arteries was observed by the pressurized myography, and the myogenic tone was calculated. The cerebral arteries of each experimental group were observed by time-sequence method for artificial cerebrospinal fluid(aCSF), containing 0. 03 mmol/L TRPM4 specific blocker 9-phenanthrol (9- Phe) aCSF and containing 0. 1 mmol/L diltiazem in the calcium-free aCSF in the arterial diameters, and according to this, the myogenic tone was calculated. Results: After SAH, when the cerebral artery was located in aCSF,the cerebral artery diameter of the SAH group was significantly smaller than that of the sham operation group (45.9 ±6. 6 u.m vs. 74. 9 ±5. 1 u,m,i = 5. 08,P <0. 05). Cerebral artery myogenic tone was significantly higher than that of the sham operation group (58. 7 ±2. 4% vs. 41. 2 ±3. 4%;t - 2.11,P < 0. 05). After adding 9-Phe to aCSF, the diastole of cerebral artery diameters of the SAH group and sham operation group was more obvious than that before adding (98. 4 ± 6. 1 and 95. 1 ±5.5 u,m, respectively). The difference was statistically significant (both P<0.05). The decreased myogenic tone in the SAH group was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group (42. 4 ±4. 4% vs. 15. 3 ± 3. 2%;t =2. 83,P < 0. 05). Conclusion: After SAH,TRPM4 mediates the increased myogenic lone of cerebral artery in rats.

Tumors continue to be a major challenge in human survival that we have yet to overcome. Despite the variety of treatment options available, we have not yet found an effective method. As more and more research is conducted, attention has been turned to a new field for tumor treatment—the tumor microenvironment (TME). This is a dynamic and complex environment consisting of various matrix cells surrounding cancer cells, including surrounding immune cells, blood vessels, extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, signaling molecules, and some specific cell types. Firstly, endothelial cells play a key role in tumor development and the immune system’s protection of tumor cells. Secondly, immune cells, such as macrophages, Treg cells, Th17 cells, are widely involved in various immune responses and activities in the human body, such as inflammation responses promoting survival carefully orchestrated by the tumor. Even though many studies have extensively researched the TME and found many research schemes, so far, no key effective method has been found to treat tumors by affecting the TME. The TME is a key interaction area between the host immune system and the tumor. Cells within the TME influence each other and interact with cancer cells to affect cancer cell invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis. This is a new direction for cancer treatment. In the complex environment of the TME, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins have been proven to play an important role in the TME. PTMs are dynamic, strictly regulated changes to proteins that control their function by regulating their structure, spatial location, and interaction. Among PTMs, a reversible post-translational modification called SUMOylation is a common regulatory mechanism in cellular processes. It is a post-translational modification that targets lysine residues with a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) in a reversible post-translational modification manner. SUMOylation is widely involved in carcinogenesis, DNA damage response, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis, playing a pivotal role in the TME, such as DNA damage repair, tumor metastasis, and also participates in immune cell differentiation, activation, and inhibition of immune cells. On the other hand, SUMO or sentrin-specific protease (SENP) inhibitors can interfere with the SUMOylation process, thereby affecting many biological processes, including immune response, carcinogenesis, cell cycle progression, and cell apoptosis, etc. In summary, this review aims to introduce the dynamic modification of protein SUMOylation on various immune cells and the application of various inhibitors, thereby exploring its role in the TME. This is a challenging but hopeful field, and we look forward to future research that can bring more breakthroughs. In conclusion, the TME is a complex and dynamic environment that plays a crucial role in the development and progression of tumors. Understanding the intricate interactions within the TME and the role of PTMs, particularly SUMOylation, could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of tumor development and potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The study of SUMOylation and its effects on various immune cells in the TME is an exciting and promising area of research that could significantly advance our understanding of tumor biology and potentially lead to the development of more effective treatments for cancer. This is a challenging but hopeful field, and we look forward to future research that can bring more breakthroughs.

Due to the multi-component and multi-target features of Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs),multiple active components could be more reasonably represent the quality of CMMs compared with the single-component QC mode. However,it is still difficult to apply the multi-component QC mode because of the instability, high cost and inaccessibility of reference substances of CMMs. Saponins are glycosides with aglycones of triterpene or spirostane and widely distributed in plants. Saponins are also the major active constituents of many CMMs,with multi-effects of inhibiting tumors,regulating the immune system,inhibiting virus,preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Therefore,rational and effective control of the quality of CMMs containing saponins is of great significance for ensuring the clinical safety and efficacy of such CMMs and related products. The quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) can use only one reference substance to achieve the simultaneous monitoring of multiple components in CMMs,and make up the weaknesses of multi-component QC mode, and has been well developed and validated in the QC and evaluation of CMMs for more than ten years since it was put forward. And now it has been widely used in the QC of CMMs containing saponins. Based on the investigation of QAMS theory and literatures in the past decade,studies on the QC of CMMs and related preparations containing triterpenoid saponins and steroidal saponins by QAMS were summarized and discussed systematically. In addition,some possible problems were analyzed and interpreted,in order to provide reliable basis for more QC of CMMs and reference for the continuous use and in-depth development of this method in the research of CMMs.

OBJECTIVE: The accuracy of the occlusion vertical dimensions of edentulous Han patients from Yunnan province was compared and analyzed on the basis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-synthesized cephalograms, closest speaking space method, and interocclusal distance. METHODS: A database correlating the CBCT head lateral images of Han patients from Yunnan province with normal occlusal conditions was first constructed. Then, five edentulous Han patients aged 63-78 years old from Yunnan Province were selected. NNT.View software was used to measure and analyze hard tissue cephalometric radiographs that had been transformed by the CBCT marker. The radiographs were then combined with the normal population database for the assessment of occlusion vertical dimensions. The occlusion vertical dimensions determined on the basis of CBCT-synthesized cephalograms, the closest speaking space method, and the free-way space were analyzed. RESULTS: The closest speaking space method was used as the standard control group, the differences between seven methods and the closest speaking space method were analyzed. The seven methods include free-way space method and six CBCT-synthesized cephalograms methods (N-ANS/ANS-Me, S-Go/N-Me, ANS-Gn/N-ANS, ANS-FH/Me-FH, ANS-Xi-Pm, and CA/LA). The seven methods were highly consistent with the closest speaking space method (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.986). The absolute values of the differences between the methods of free-way space, N-ANS/ANS-Me, S-Go/N-Me and the closest speaking space method were lower than those of the other four groups (P<0.05), while the differences between ANS-FH/Me-FH and the closest speaking space method was higher than those other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CBCT-synthesized cephalograms, with the exception of ANS-FH/Me-FH, can provide references for the clinical evaluation of the occlusion vertical dimensions of patients with edentulous jaws.
Aged ; Cephalometry ; China ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Middle Aged ; Mouth, Edentulous ; Vertical Dimension

Although hemorrhage after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） is mostly mild and self－limited， sometimes blood transfusion and endoscopic hemostasis are still needed. However， rebleeding may occur after conventional endoscopic hemostasis and thus requires interventional vascular embolization or surgical intervention， which might significantly increase the risk of death associated with post－ERCP bleeding. This article discusses the risk factors for post－ERCP bleeding， including disease－specific factors， patient－related factors， and operation－related factors， and elaborates on different measures for the prevention and treatment of post－ERCP bleeding， so as to provide a reference for identifying the high－risk population for bleeding and developing precise surgical strategies in clinical practice.