Introduction : The purpose of this study was to clarify the antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae in central Tokyo over a ten-year period.
Methods : We investigated the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital for 10 years from 2004 through 2013.
Results : Significant increases in the proportion of strains resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin / sulbactam and cefditoren pivoxil were noted for some years in comparison to the first year studied. There were no significant changes in the susceptibility to levofloxacin and clarithromycin. The proportion of strains resistant to ampicillin and cefditoren pivoxil showed statistically significant increases during the study period. The proportion of the strains resistant to ampicillin / sulbactam isolated from children was greater than from adults for every year studied. Levofloxacin resistant strains were isolated only from adults. The proportion of strains resistant to clarithromycin were about 1% in Japanese national surveillance data, but the proportions in this study were over 9%.
Conclusion : Over a ten-year period in central Tokyo, Haemophilus influenzae strains resistant to ampicillin and cefditoren pivoxil increased. Strains resistant to clarithromycin occurred at a higher rate than nationally.

Background
The national tuberculosis (TB) control program established Phnom Penh as a pilot area for TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection collaborative activities because of the high prevalence of HIV among patients with TB.
Process
In 2005, we provided transportation fees so that patients could travel to an operational district referral hospital for HIV counseling and testing by dispatched counselors. However, only around 10.3 patients with TB (range 0-21) per month in all 4 operational districts made use of this service. In 2006, we modified the program by providing HIV counseling and testing by four trained TB/HIV coordinators in TB wards. Thereafter, in-depth, individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the TB staff (not the coordinators) of 18 health facilities from April through November 2006 to identify problems in the current TB/HIV collaborative activities in Phnom Penh and to investigate ways for further improving the program.
Results
TB staff members encouraged their patients to undergo an HIV test under directly observed treatment, short course. Some TB staff lacked confidence to discuss HIV issues because they lacked sufficient HIV/ acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS) knowledge. Furthermore, there was no formal referral structure between TB and HIV services or sharing of information on the treatment of patients co-infected with TB/HIV with the antiretroviral treatment clinic.
Conclusions
We started the program to enable TB patients to receive HIV counseling and testing at the same venue as they received TB treatment. However, problems such as low confidence among TB staff in discussing HIV/AIDS and weak collaboration between TB and HIV services were identified. We found that training of TB staff, development of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials, regular meetings among stakeholders, and encouragement for the TB/HIV coordinators to supervise all TB/HIV activities in their operational districts were needed to improve the program.