Bile acid as a signaling molecule can specifically bind to bile acid receptors (such as farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor) to mediate a series of biological regulation reactions. In recent years, it has been found that bile acids are widely involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy metabolism. The development of metabolic diseases is usually accompanied by the changes of bile acid profiles and receptors, and thus bile acids may be applied as potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, prediction, and evaluation of therapeutic effects. This article reviews the relationship between bile acids and metabolic diseases, and the treatment of metabolic diseases based on the regulation of bile acid metabolism.

Objective To understand the histological characteristics of the major endocrine organs of tree shrew , and provide a normal histological atlas of endocrine organs of tree shrew .Methods Ten artificially fed healthy tree shrews were killed and dissected after anesthesia .The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands were observed by gross inspection and samples were taken for routine histological examination with HE staining .Results ( 1 ) The thyroid gland was pale yellow, located on both sides of the 2-4 tracheal rings.The thyroid gland was plate-shaped, its surface was covered with a thin fibrous capsule . The thyroid parenchyma was divided into several lobules by stretched capsule membrane .Follicular and parafollicular cells were distributed in the lobules , and red colloid was present in follicular cavity.(2) Each side had one parathyroid , located on the cranial or the outer surface of the middle part of the thyroid gland, and was slightly covered by thyroid .The gland was round or oval , and its parenchyma was made up of the principal cells and eosinophil cells , and acinar structure appeared in the parenchyma .( 3 ) The adrenal glands were oval , yellow color, located in the renal hili , and linked to the kidneys .They were surrounded by a thin capsule .The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla .The cortex was divided into zona glomerulosa , zona fasciculata and zona reticularis from outside to inside.The zona glomerulosa was the thickest layer and the zona fasciculata was the thinnest .The medulla cells formed clumps or mesh, with central vein in the central part .(4) The pituitary gland was located in the sella turcica , with no recessus hypophysis .The pituitary gland was composed of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis .Its surface was covered with a connective tissue capsule .The pituitary gland was divided into distal part , middle part and pars tuberalis . neurohypophysis was made up of neural and pars infundibularis .Conclusions The histological atlas of endocrine organs in the tree shrew is established , which is close to that of the primate animals in the morphology , and provide histological evidence for the study of tree shrew endocrine organs and disorders , as well as the animal model of human diseases .

Objective To study the isolation,culture, adipogenic and osteogenic induction Tupaia bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs).Method The BM-MSCs from tupaia were isolated and expended by combination of gradient centrifugation and adherence culture , then subcultured and observed for morphology under inverted phase contrast microscope.BM-MSCs were induced to adipocytes .and osteoblasts in vitro Result Cells were spindle or triangle-shaped, and clone proliferation .Cells were successfully induced into adipocytes .and osteoblasts Conclusions The method of isolation BM-MSCs from tupaia by combination of gradient centrifugation and adherence culture is simple and feasible , BM-MSCs have differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts .

Objective To evaluate the early postoperative complications of pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) or pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) following pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD).Methods Clinical data of 97 patients undergoing PPPD,in Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University from June 2011 to October 2012,were retrospectively analyed.Digestive tract continuity was established respectively by PG(n-45) or PJ(n =52) after PPPD.Results The demographic characteristics of both group were not significantly different.In the two groups,there were not statistically significant difference in those postoperative complications such as biliary fistula,introabdominal infection,bleeding,and the rc-admission rate.The rate of pancreatic fistula in PJ group was significantly higher than that in the PG group (28.85％ vs.6.67％,P =0.033).However,in PG group the incidence of delayed gastric emptying was significantly higher than that in the PJ group (22.22％ vs.5.77％,P =0.018),and the average length of stay was significantly longer than that in PJ group (19.28 ± 11.04 vs.15.09 ± 6.21 ; P =0.034).In PJ group,one patient died of pancreatic fistula and ensuing surgical site infection and intra-abdominal hemorrhage,there was no mortality in PG group.Conclusions After PPPD,PG and PJ are both safe ways of digestive tract reconstruction.But compared to PJ,PG can decreas the rate of pancreatic fistula but may increase the risk of postoperative delayed gastric emptying,and prolong postoperative hospital stay.

Objective To compare the clinical effects of extensive or limited arthroscopic debridement in varying degrees of knees osteo-arthritis. Methods 32 cases with knees osteoarthritis who underwent extensive debridement under arthroscopy were selected as the observa-tion group, and 30 cases with knees osteoarthritis who underwent limited debridement were selected as the control group. The excellent rate of joint function, Lysholm and VAS scores were compared between the two groups. Results The excellent rate of joint function were 90. 0%and 91. 4% in observation group and control group respectively, without significant difference (P>0. 05). Lysholm scores of patients with grade Ⅱ osteoarthritis was much higher in observation group than that in control group after operation (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in Lysholm scores between gradeⅠand gradeⅢosteoarthritis (P>0. 05). No statistically significant difference of VAS scores on 1 year after operation were found (P>0. 05). Conclusion Extensive debridement and limited debridement under arthroscopy have similar effects for knees osteoarthritis. Extensive arthroscopic debridement is an ideal treatment method for Ⅱ grade of knees osteoarthritis.

For the current situation of the time background and the cultivation of innovation ability of undergraduates, the problems of fracture classification, function evaluation and postoperative rehabilitation were realized by a software research team which mainly consisted of medical undergrad-uates. We put the project into practice in forms of software production and software promotion trial separately in the field of teaching and clinical practice to encourage students to be involved in learn-ing in the process of software production of professional knowledge. The implementation of the project worked well, and developed the well-designed relevant mobile software which was convenient in clini-cal practice and acquired computer software copyright, indicating that it can effectively motivate the undergraduates' innovation interest and consciousness through participating in the various links and the software production process, and it can also contribute to the cultivation of the comprehensive practical and innovation ability of medical undergraduates.

Objective To investigate the infection status of Toxoplasma gondii in different colonies of tree shrews and then provide the basis for parasitological monitoring .Methods Each of the forty blood samples were randomly collected from three tree shrews colonies : wild origin, domesticated and first generation, respectively.Both indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) and PCR assay were used to detect the Toxoplasma gondii.Results No positive sample of Toxoplasma gondii was detected from either IHA or PCR results .The results from IHA and PCR assays were in coincidence with each other.Conclusions According to the survey none of the tree shrews from the three groups is infected with Toxoplasma gondii.More samples or infection experiments are needed to determine whether tree shrews can be infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as their correlations with the initial severity of TBI and prognosis.Methods A total of 229 patients with acute TBI admitted from September 2014 to June 2016 were retrospectively studied.Patients were further classified as mild TBI group (GCS 13-15 points),moderate TBI group (GCS 9-12 points) and severe TBI group (GCS 3-8 points) according to Glasgow coma score (GCS).The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects.The prognosis was evaluated by using Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at 6 months after TBI.The IGF-1 levels were further tested at days 1,3,5,7 and 14 and their correlations with the initial GCS and GOS at 6 months after injury were evaluated.Results (1) The serum IGF-1 levels of mild,moderate and severe TBI group at all time points were significantly lower than those of the control group (P ＜ 0.05);the serum IGF-1 levels of severe and moderate TBI groups at all time points after injury were significantly lower than those of the mild TBI group (P ＜0.05);the serum IGF-1 levels of the severe group at days 1,3,5 and 7 d after injury were lower than those of the moderate TBI group (P＜0.05).(2) IGF-1 levels were significantly different between the two groups (P ＜ 0.05) at different time points during the follow-up of 6 months.(3)IGF-1 levels were positively correlated with both GCS and GOS at the acute stage of TBI and sub-acute stage following TBI (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The dynamic changes of serum IGF-1 levels in patients with acute TBI are related to both initial severity of TBI and the neurological outcomes and can be used as a reliable biomarker for early severity assessment and prognostic prediction of TBI.

Peritoneal metastasis is very common in colorectal cancer and often indicates bad prognosis. The peritoneum, which con-tains an abundant supply of blood and specific types of resident and migrating cells, lines the surface of the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs. The combination of cells, extracellular matrix, and local unique physicochemical composition of the abdominal cavity provide a complex and relatively stable peritoneal microenvironment. The cells in this environment can be induced by cancer cells to be involved in tumor growth, invasion, and peritoneal metastasis. This review summarizes the major cellular components in-volved in the peritoneal microenvironment.

Objective To measure the reads numbers of Human Herpes Virus in blood sample from patients with sepsis by using Next Generation sequencing (NGS) and explore the relationship between read number of virus and the severity, prognosis, immune status of septic patients.Methods Blood sample and clinical information from 150 patients with sepsis were enrolled in this study. All patients' blood samples were sent to perform NGS pathogenic test. According to the results of NGS, septic patients were divided into HHV-detected group and HHV-undetected group. Besides, patients were scored with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ ) on the day of blood collection. The counts of total leukocytes, lymphocytes and the levels of cytokines were also measured. Results 51.3 percent of septic patients were detected with HHV nucleic acid. The APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA scores were significantly higher in HHV-detected patients compared with patients in HHV-undetected group. Besides, patients who had a higher SOFA score might lead to a higher detection rate of HHV. Moreover, the 28-day and 90-day mortality rates were higher in detected group (P< 0.01). The detection of HHV nucleic acid was positively correlated with a high 90-day mortality rate (P= 0.0056). One-way analysis of variance revealed that the counts of total lymphocyte and different types of lymphocyte (CD19+B、CD4+T、CD8+T、CD56+ lymphocyte) were significantly less in detected group than that in undetected group. Furthermore, both the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α、IL-2R、IL-6、IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in detected group were significantly higher than those in undetected group. Gender, age, APACHE Ⅱ , SOFA, IL-2R, IL-10, CD19+B lymphocyte and T cells, were still significant even after multivariate logistic analyses. Conclusions The detection rate of HHV nucleic acid in patients with sepsis was high. The detection of HHV was a high-risk factor of death in patients with sepsis. The cut-off value which is more than 100 had a significant clinical value. The infection of HHV could be conducted by dysfunction of immunity.