Background: Rotavirus vaccines were introduced in Japan in November 2011. We evaluated the subsequent reduction of the health-care burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Methods: We conducted active surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis among children under 5 years old before and after the vaccine introduction. We surveyed hospitalization rates for rotavirus gastroenteritis in children in Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Japan, from 2007 to 2015 and surveyed the number of outpatient visits at a Tsu City clinic from 2010 to 2015. Stool samples were obtained for rotavirus testing and genotype investigation. We assessed rotavirus vaccine coverage for infants living in Tsu City. Results: In the pre-vaccine years (2007-2011), hospitalization rates for rotavirus gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old were 5.5, 4.3, 3.1 and 3.9 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. In the post-vaccine years (2011-2015), the rates were 3.0, 3.5, 0.8 and 0.6 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. The hospitalization rate decreased significantly in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons compared to the average of the seasons before vaccine introduction (p < 0.0001). In one pre-vaccine year (2010-2011), the number of outpatient visits due to the rotavirus infection was 66. In the post-vaccine years (2011-2015), the numbers for each season was 23, 23, 7 and 5, respectively. The most dominant rotavirus genotype shifted from G3P[8] to G1P[8] and to G2P[4]. The coverage of one dose of rotavirus vaccine in Tsu City was 56.5% in 2014. Conclusion: After the vaccine introduction, the hospitalization rates and outpatient visits for rotavirus gastroenteritis greatly decreased.

Rotaviruses belong to Reoviridae causes diarrhea in human beings as well as domestic animals. This study was conducted to see what type of human rotaviruses are distributed in Seoul and Kyung-gi province. Twenty two of 81 patients showed rotavirus positive with diagnostic kit and RNA electropherosis. We isolated all of rotaviruses from the patients. Electropherotypes of 22 isolates showed 4:2:3 :2 patters whereas those migration patterns were long type. All of those isolates belonged to group 4. Twenty out of 22 isolates reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific to G1, P1A and subgroup II, whereas rest of them, 4-29 and K-30 reacted with subgroup I specific monoclonal antibody. The nucleotide sequence of an isolate K-21 showed 98~100% and 90~96% homologies with those of Wa and KU strain, respectively.
Animals, Domestic ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Base Sequence ; Diarrhea ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans* ; Korea* ; Reoviridae ; RNA ; Rotavirus* ; Seoul

Rotaviruses belong to Reoviridae causes diarrhea in human beings as well as domestic animals. This study was conducted to see what type of human rotaviruses are distributed in Seoul and Kyung-gi province. Twenty two of 81 patients showed rotavirus positive with diagnostic kit and RNA electropherosis. We isolated all of rotaviruses from the patients. Electropherotypes of 22 isolates showed 4:2:3 :2 patters whereas those migration patterns were long type. All of those isolates belonged to group 4. Twenty out of 22 isolates reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific to G1, P1A and subgroup II, whereas rest of them, 4-29 and K-30 reacted with subgroup I specific monoclonal antibody. The nucleotide sequence of an isolate K-21 showed 98~100% and 90~96% homologies with those of Wa and KU strain, respectively.
Animals, Domestic ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Base Sequence ; Diarrhea ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans* ; Korea* ; Reoviridae ; RNA ; Rotavirus* ; Seoul

No Abstract Available.
Animals ; Base Sequence* ; Cattle* ; Serotyping*

Given that the long head of the biceps femoris (BFlh), semitendinosus (ST), and semimembranosus (SM) have hip adduction moment arm, this study aimed to clarify the influence of hip abduction angle on their shear modulus, measured by using shear wave elastography, to determine an effective stretching position where these muscles are more elongated and demonstrate higher passive tension. Twelve healthy young men participated in the study. The shear modulus of BFlh, ST, and SM at the middle point was measured using shear wave elastography. The shear modulus was measured at hip abduction angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°, with the hip and knee joint held at 70° and 0° flexion, respectively. The effects of hip abduction angle on the muscle shear modulus were analyzed using a Friedman test, followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for post-hoc analysis. Effect sizes were calculated using r. Significant differences in shear modulus were found between hip abduction angles for all muscles (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis showed that the shear modulus of the SM at 45° was significantly higher compared to 0° (p < 0.05, r = 0.62) and 15° (p < 0.05, r = 0.54). For ST, the shear modulus at 45° was significantly higher compared to 0° (p < 0.05, r = 0.58). The shear modulus in BFlh at 15° was higher than 0° (p < 0.05, r = 0.53). Adding to hip abduction in a position of hip flexion and knee extension increases the shear modulus of the medial hamstrings, particularly the SM.