Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Anesthesia, Obstetrical*

No abstract available.
Empyema*

No abstract available.
Obesity* ; Pediatric Obesity*

This study was to provide firsthand description and analyais of phenomenological data of oingular, subjective, and lived experience of hardiness. Specifically, the objectives of this study were 1) to explore experience of hardiness of patients with chronic disease. 2) to describe the meaning of hardiness as it is lived. 9 patients suffering from chronic disease, such as cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rheumatoid arthritis, were selected for this study. Data were collected from December, 1997 to April, 1998 through depth interview method. Phenomenological method described by Colaizzi was used for the phenomenological analysis of the data. After transcribing the recorded interview, the reoearcher read the data repeatedly to identify oig nificant statements, restated them succinctly, and then formulated meanings, themes, theme clusters, and categories. The formulated meanings are grouped into 5 categories control. commitment, coping, consideration, and appreciation. An exhaustive description of hardiness can be deduced from this study as follows. Patients with hardiness control the way of life and health care, commit themselves to the maintenance of enthusiastic life style and good health, cope with their disease, consider the position of their family and other patients, and thank the Aboolute and neighbors for their help.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Chronic Disease* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Life Style ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Stroke

No abstract available.
Epilepsy*

No abstract available.
Headache* ; Jaundice*