The location of organs and tissues at the tip of acupuncture needle inserted in acupuncture point was studied on the human transverse sections.
A female, Japanese, cadavar (135cm long and 52kg in weight) was fixed with aldehyde mixture and frozen from 3 weeks at -30°C. Then the cadaver was cut into blocks along the transverse planes perpendicular to the median plane at each point of Bladder meridian.
This report describes the depth of organs and tissues in 5 transverse planes from SHINYU BL 15 (Bladder meridian) to TANYU BL 19 (Bladder meridian).
At SHINYU BL 15, acupuncture needle penetrates through 5mm thick skin, 2mm thick hypodermis, 3mm thick trapezius, and 17mm thick deep back muscle in thick was respectively. The needle reaches to the 6th rib at 27mm away from the surface.
At TOKUYU BL 16, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, and deep back muscles of 5, 3, 3, 17mm in thickness respectively.
The needle reaches to the 7th rib at 28mm away from the surface.
At KAKUYU BL 17, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and deep back muscles of 4, 2, 3, 1, 20 in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 8th rib at 30mm away from the surface.
At KANYU BL 18, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis and deep back muscles of 5, 6, 32mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 10th rib at 43mm away from the surface.
At TANYU BL 19, needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, and deep back muscles of 4, 7, 32mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 11th rib at 43mm away from the surface.
Depth of acupuncture points studies was discussed from the clinical points of views.

The location of organs and tissues at the tip of acupuncture needle inserted in acupuncture points was studied on the human transverse sections.
A female, japanese, cadaver (139cm long, and 52kg in weight) was fixed with an aldehyde mixture and frozen for 3 weeks at -30°C. Then the cadaver was cut into blocks along the transverse planes perpendicular to the median plane at each point of Bladder meridian.
This report describes the depth of organs and tissues in 5 transverse planes from Hiyu (BL, 20 Bladder meridian) to KiKaiyu (BL, 24 Bladder meridian).
At Hiyu (BL, 20), acupuncture needle penetrates through 5mm thick skin, 4mm thick hypodermis, and 30mm thick deep back muscies in thick was respectively. The needle reches to the 12th rib at 39mm away from the surface.
At Iyu (BL, 21), the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis and deepback muscles of 5, 3, 28mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 1st lumber at 36mm away from the surface.
At Sanshoyu (BL, 22), needle pentrares through the skin hypodermis and deep back muscles of 5, 5, 26mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 2nd lumber at 36mm away from the surface.
At Jinyu (BL, 23), the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis and deep back muscles of 4, 5, 32mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 3rd lumber at 41mm away from the surface.
At Kikaiyu (BL, 24), the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis and deep back muscles of 4, 5, 30mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 4th lumber at 39mm away from the surface.
The depth of acupuncture points studies was discussed from the clinical points of view.

The location of organs and tissues at the tip of acupuncture needle inserted in acupuncture points was studied on the human transverse sections.
A female, japanese, cadaver (139cm long, and 52kg in weight) was fixed with an aldehyde mixture and frozen for 3 weeks at -30°C. Then the cadaver was cut into blocks along the transverse planes perpendicular to the median plane at each point of Bladder meridian.
This report describes the depth of organs and tissues in 5 transverse planes from DAITSUI (Governor vessel meridian) to KETSUINYU (Bladder meridian).
At DAITSUI, acupuncture needle penetrates through 7.5mm thick skin, 28.5mm thick hypodermis, and reaches to the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra at 36mm away from the surface. At DAIJO, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, rhomboideus, and deep back muscles of 6, 8, 5.5, 10 and 14mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 2nd rib at 43.5mm away from the surface. At FUMON, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, trapezius rhomboideus, deep back muscles of 7, 5, 3.5, 4 and 18.5mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 3rd rib at 38mm away from the surface. At HAIYU, the needle penetrates the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, and deep back muscles of 6, 4, 3 and 22mm in thickness respectively, and reaches to the 4th rib at 35mm away from the surface. At KETSUINYU, the needle penetrates the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, and deep back muscles of 5, 3, 4 and 21mm in thickness respectively, and reaches to the 5th rib at 33mm away from the surface.
The depth of acupuncture points studies was discussed from the clinical points of view.

Clozapine has been demonstrated to be useful for treating refractory schizophrenia. However, hypersalivation occurs in 31.0-97.4% of the patients treated with clozapine. Accordingly, some patients who are disturbed by their hypersalivation refuse to continue with clozapine treatment. This study investigated the efficacy of the anticholinergic agent scopolamine butylbromide against clozapine-induced hypersalivation. Five schizophrenia patients were coadministered scopolamine butylbromide (30-60 mg/day) for 4 weeks. At the baseline and after 4 weeks' treatment, we subjectively evaluated hypersalivation using a visual analog scale and objectively assessed it using the Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale. As a result, improvements in the patients' Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale scores, but no improvements in their visual analog scale scores, were observed after scopolamine butylbromide treatment. These results indicate that at least some schizophrenic patients with clozapine-induced hypersalivation would benefit from scopolamine butylbromide treatment. We conclude that clozapine-induced hypersalivation is one factor of stress to patients. Subjective hypersalivation was not improved, but objective hypersalivation was, by scopolamine butylbromide treatment. However, scopolamine butylbromide and clozapine possess anticholinergic effects so clinicians should closely monitor patients who take scopolamine butylbromide.
Clozapine ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide* ; Sialorrhea* ; Visual Analog Scale

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the utility of adenine for preventing clozapine-induced neutropenia. METHODS: This retrospective study examined the effect of adenine on clozapine-induced neutropenia in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and was conducted at Okehazama Hospital in Japan from July 2010 to June 2013. Adenine was available for use from June 2011 onwards. Twenty-one patients started receiving clozapine treatment from July 2010 to April 2011 (the pre-adenine adoption group), and 47 patients started receiving it from May 2011 to June 2013 (the post-adenine adoption group). The effects of adenine were assessed based on changes in the patients' leukocyte counts and the frequency of treatment discontinuation due to clozapine-induced neutropenia. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients were treated with clozapine from July 2010 to June 2013. Of the 21 patients in the pre-adenine adoption group, 4 discontinued treatment due to clozapine-induced neutropenia, whereas only 2 of the 47 patients in the post-adenine adoption group discontinued treatment. The frequency of treatment discontinuation due to clozapine-induced neutropenia was significantly lower in post-adenine adoption group than in the pre-adenine adoption group (p=0.047). CONCLUSION: Adenine decreased the frequency of treatment discontinuation due to clozapine-induced neutropenia. Our data suggest that combined treatment with clozapine and adenine is a safe and effective strategy against treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Adenine* ; Clozapine ; Humans ; Japan ; Leukocyte Count ; Neutropenia* ; Retrospective Studies ; Schizophrenia*