BACKGROUND:Nano is a key technology to bring accelerated development in science, economy and business in 21stcentury. Besides lots of advantages contained in nanoproducts, cytotoxic effects on human and environmentmay occur due to their extreme small size and large surface area and it promotes chemical reaction andactivates reactive oxygen species in the cell. In the last few decades, human and environment exposureof nanomaterials have been increasing, but research papers related to nanomaterial toxicity have beenpoor.GOAL: Determination of nanomaterial toxicity in medical applicationMATERIALS AND METHODS:Totally 21 nanomaterials collected in this study including imported nano-medicines, disinfectantspray, cleaning solution and experimental nanomaterial produced in Mongolia. The particle sizesof nanomaterialswere determined by Cross correlation analysis and X-Ray diffraction analysis, andmutagenicity was determined by Ames test.RESULTS:The particle sizes of nanomaterials in 5 of 21 were measured at the range of 1 – 100nm and 5 of 21nanomaterials were determined as mutagenic by Ames test.CONCLUSION:Ingredients and production methods can be one of causes of nanomaterial toxicity. Therefore, morespecific methods are needed to reveal cytotoxicity of nanomaterials in the future.

World population relatively common viral diseasespread among the population are one of the mosttroubling health problems. Viral diseases includingherpes virus infections, herpes infections occurin many forms, including clinical herpes simplexinfections in the world are one of the common diseasesspread. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are transmitted by contactwith an infected area of the skin during reactivationsof the virus. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 isperiodically shed in the human genital tract, most oftenasymptomatically, and most sexual transmissionsoccur during asymptomatic shedding. There have been many diagnostic techniques for HSV infections, including new viral detection methods and serological tests. We detection of herpes simlex virus by ELISA. Of 341 patient involved 43% (148) male, 57% (193) female. For all served patient 65.6% (224) were dominated by 20-40 years old. There were symptoms are herpes simplex virus infection in 23.4% (80) was 40% (32) male and 60% (48)female.

INTRODUCTION:In connection with request and financial assistance of Swiss Development Agency ‘’Mercury exposureand health impact assessment study among small scale miners in mercury free technology, wasconducted by researchers of Toxicology division of NCPH.GOAL:To determine mercury exposure level in biological samples of local small scale miners from mercury freetechnology introduced area. To reveal chronic mercury intoxicated patients,MATERIALS AND METHODS:Totally 147 artisanal miners from 33 cooperatives for small scale mining from Bayan-Îvoo soum ofBayankhongor, Bornuur sum of Tuv, Bayangol, Mandal and Tunkhel sum of Selenge province areparticipated in this study and the study was performed by cross sectional study methods during April toDecember, 2014.Over all 147 participants were in the first part of study, 60.5% out of 147 (89 participants) were in secondparts, and another 35.4% (52 people) were participated to the third parts of study. The participants wereundergone in to toxicological, dermatological and neurological examinations and the WHO guidance formercury exposure determination was followed in this study.RESULTS:On the results of all testing we revealed that there were 2 cases of chronic mercury intoxicated patientsfrom each Bayangol Bornuur soum, 2 from Mandal soum, and 3 from Bayanovoo soum.Overall 7 patientswere diagnosed as chronic mercury intoxicated and it comprised 4.7%of (n=147) all involved participants.We have observed that average height of total medical examination number was (2.9) in Bornuur soum.It indicated that there will have higher number of patients would exist in Bornuur soum than others.Ourstudy result has shown that neurological symptoms like tremor and imbalance were more diagnosedamong participants from Mandal and Bayngol soums. It implies that the health of the small scale minersfrom this soum more affected and needed to be investigating further.CONCLUSIONS:Mercury is still being used among artisanal gold miners even thoughit is still illegal. Further medicalevaluation and assistance needed to be taken for newly diagnosed 7 patients.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index. The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm. There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index.The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm.There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

Sleep and wakefulness are physiological processes in our lives that are regulated by circadian rhythms. The level of melatonin, the "sleep hormone", increases with the onset of darkness, and its production slows down in the morning. Exposure to artificial light at night disrupts our circadian rhythm and the processes it controls. Shift work is when an individual works from 9 am to 5 pm. But the night shift refers to the time when a group of workers who work at night in factories and enterprises work in the evening or at night, especially from 4 p.m. to 8 a.m. according to a regular schedule. One in five people in industrialized countries work night shifts, and studies in America and Europe show that between 15 and 30% of adult workers have some form of shift work. Between 10% and 30% of shift workers meet the diagnosis of shift work disorder (SWD). 5-10% of shift workers experience severe shift insomnia and sleepiness. At least ¾ of shift workers suffer from insomnia. Excessive sleepiness usually occurs during shifts (mainly at night) and is associated with impaired cognitive ability due to the need for sleep and reduced alertness, and decreased alertness reduces performance. Job performance is influenced by many workplace environmental factors, including workload, coworker relationships, stress levels, and extended hours. A nurse specialist provides nursing care by monitoring and evaluating 24 hours a day, and by working night shifts, the circadian system of sleep is disturbed, causing sleep problems and insomnia. When examining how night shift work affects nurses' ability to concentrate, the decline in concentration (33.3%) was twice as high as that of day shift nurses (16.7%). found that shift nurses who worked the night shift had higher rates of insomnia and chronic fatigue compared to nurses who stopped working the night shift. Lack of sleep manifests as a decline in cognitive functions such as attention, decision making, and reaction time. These cognitive and functional declines can negatively affect quality of life and lead to impaired job performance. An Australian study by Winwood et al found that fatigue associated with night shifts increases the risk of human error and injury, and negatively affects the quality of patient care. Lack of sleep significantly affects nurses' alertness, concentration, and job performance. This review article discusses the relation between shift work-related sleep and job performance based on international research findings.

Purpose: Kidney function assessment method is improving gradually. New biomarkers are studied and started using in clinical practice, such as beta 2 microglobulin. Beta 2 microglobulin is improving diagnostic and prognosis in CKD patients. We aimed to assess convenience usage of B2MG alone and B2MG based eGFR in Mongolian patients. Materials and method: We included 116 patients diagnosed with CKD and 55 donors whom with normal kidney function. We collected participant's blood sample by venipuncture in plain vacutainer. Creatinine, urea, cystatin C, B2MG were tested by Roche Cobas C311 equipment in serum. eGFR was calculated by online calculation from NKF. B2MG based eGFR was calculated by eGFR=133*B2M^-0.852 Result: Assessment of kidney biomarkers and eGFR was significantly correlated in both groups. Measured serum creatinine was 3.37 mg/dl in CKD patients and 0.87 mg/dl in donors. Serum urea was 97.6 mg/dl, 31.1 mg/dl, cystatin C 3.05 mg/L, 1.49mg/L and beta 2 microglobulin 10.65 mg/L, 2.43 mg/L respectively. Estimated GFR was 21.5-28.4 ml/min/1.73m2 in CKD patients and 47.7-103.9 ml/min/1.73m2 in donors. Assessing kidney function by biomarkers (r=0.720-0.918, p<0.05), and eGFR (r=0.495-0.996, p<0.05) were significantly correlated in both groups. Conclusion B2MG can be used in clinical practice in Mongolia. B2MG is optional with creatinine, urea, cystatin C for assessing and improving kidney function.

Background: Nicotine-containing vaporized liquids—composed of propylene glycol, glycerin, water, flavorings, and the thickening agent vitamin E acetate—have been implicated in the development of EVALI. Under conditions of low liquid levels and overheating, these substances release toxic carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein). In a 2019 national survey, 3.5% of adolescents aged 13–15 reported cigarette use, and 10% used e-cigarettes. Aim: To study the changes in the behavior, lung, and hippocampal structures of rats due to the effects of electronic cigarettes and their vapor. Materials and Methods: In this study, nineteen 14-day-old SHR rats were exposed to 1 g/mg/day of nicotine and dry hit vapor (control, nicotine and dry hit groups) for four weeks. Behavioral assessments (Open Field Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Conditioned Place Preference), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and histological analysis of lung and hippocampal tissue were conducted. Results: The dry hit vapor group showed significantly reduced body weight (p=0.034), increased anxiety (p=0.006, p=0.025), and avoidance of the smoky chamber. BAL revealed elevated total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages (p=0.01, p=0.04) in both nicotine and dry hit groups. Lung tissue exhibited alveolar septal thickening, inflammation, and emphysema- like changes. Extensive neuronal death was observed in the hippocampus. Conclusion Anxiety-like behavior was observed in both the burn and control groups. Analysis of BAL in the dry hit group revealed inflammation predominantly characterized by macrophage infiltration. Histological examination of lung tissue from both experimental groups demonstrated a reduction in the number of alveoli, accompanied by acute inflammation and thickening of the interalveolar septa. In the hippocampal region, neuronal loss and a reduction in neuronal density were also observed.

Background: Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to conceive despite engaging in regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for over a year. Assisted reproductive technology (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF), has emerged as the most widely utilized solution for infertility. The cause of infertility, a woman's ovarian reserve, response, egg and sperm quality, the number and quality of embryos, and various other factors influence the outcome of IVF. Despite significant advancements in ART, predicting IVF outcomes remains challenging, especially when tailoring treatment strategies to individual patient factors. Aim: To investigate the clinical indicators, ovarian reserve markers, and stimulation outcomes influencing the success of IVF treatment in Mongolian women. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at the Unimed International Hospital IVF Center between October 2023 and August 2024. Clinical and demographic factors, ovarian reserve markers (FSH, AMH, AFC), and ovarian stimulation outcomes were analyzed in 242 women aged 25-44 years undergoing IVF. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors and predictors of clinical pregnancy, with a statistical significance threshold set at p<0.05. Results: Among 208 women who underwent embryo transfer, the clinical pregnancy rate was 36.5%, and biochemical pregnancy was observed in 38.4%. Age was a significant predictor, with older age groups (35-39 years: OR=7.11, p=0.004; 40-44 years: OR=12.65, p=0.004) associated with reduced IVF success. Ovarian reserve markers, including AMH (OR=2.49, p<0.001) and AFC (OR=1.56, p<0.001), were significantly correlated with pregnancy outcomes, whereas FSH was not significant (p=0.518). Higher numbers of pre-ovulatory follicles (POF) (OR=1.03, p=0.040) and high-grade embryos (OR=1.26, p=0.045) increased the likelihood of clinical pregnancy. No significant associations were observed between total gonadotrophin dosage, ovarian sensitivity index, and fertilization rate with pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion Age and ovarian reserve markers (AMH, AFC) are critical predictors of IVF success, while pre-ovulatory follicle counts and number of high-grade embryos significantly enhance pregnancy likelihood. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized ART protocols tailored to ovarian reserve and age-related factors to optimize IVF outcomes.

<b>Introductionb> Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases