Urogenital mycoplasmosis is infectious inflammatory disease of the urinary tract caused by Mycoplasma exclusively. Pathogens of mycoplasma and ureaplasma are related to their biological rare uniqueness. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma has very small size of genome and lack a rigid cell wall. They are able to enter host cell membrane and multiply in it. This protects them from cellular and humoral immune reaction. This unique feature is the reason why the infection is often mysterious and asymptomatic. The dangerous difficulty of the ureaplasma and mycoplasma infection of the urinary tract leads to infertility, chronic endometritis, pregnancy without growing, fetal anomalies, primary and secondary placental shortage. Therefore, it is necessary to determine diagnostic approach and to study the extent the influence eproduction and the prevalence of causative agent.We analyzed the objects which derived from women with the pathogen for the period beginning from January 2014 up until January 2015 collaborating with “Oncogenic” laboratory at the National Center for Research on Cancer based on the women clinic “UilsButemj”. Total of 43 women who diagnosed to have key cells by vaginal smear test were included in the PCR analysis. Total of 12 healthy women who does not have obstetric chronic anamnesis were selected to be included in the analysis by creating control group. The study was done by the prospective case study model. IBM SPSS 20.0 software was used to process the results of the study. 43 women who were involved in the analysis were chosen by the following criteria: 1.With genitourinary complaints, 2.With positive key cells of the vaginal smear test.The average life expectancy of the women surveyed was 31,4±5,6. (min 22, max 53). The majority or 92.7% obtained high education and 7.3% have secondary education. For marital status, 74.5% have their own families and 25.5% of the total women involved were single. There were 15 infertile women or 34.8%, 11 miscarriage women or 25.5% and 12 women with pregnancy without growing or 27.9%, 4 women diagnosed to be pregnant outside of the uterus or 9.3%. The infection combined with U parvum and M hominis which cause pathogen accounted for 40% among total infertile women. The more combined the infection the more virulent. The following originators were detected by the PCR analysis which was run among the total of 43 women with pathogen:U.parvum 32 women, or 74.4%, U.urealiticum 11, or 25.5%, M.hominis 24, or 55.8%, M. Genitalis 4, or 9.3%, Gardnerella 31, or 72.9%, were detected respectively in single or co-discovered way and the majority of them are U.parvum and Gardnerella originators. 10 women, or 83.3%, with U.parvum, 3 women, or 25% with U.urealiticum, 4 women, or 33.3% with M.hominis, 1 woman or 8.3% with M. Genitalis and 7 women, or 41.6% with Gardnerella were detected respectively by the PCR analysis which was done in healthy women without any obstetiic chronic memory. Therefore, types of ureaplasma and mycoplasma is infected to human body as situational pathogen creator and those situational pathogen creators lead to difficulty by creating pathogen in case they shifts to the pathogen creator form. The fact that there were 15 infertile women or 34.8%, 11 miscarried women or 25.5%, 12 pregnant women without growing or 27.9%, 4 pregnant women outside of vagina or 9.3% shows that these pathogen creators are the factor for further difficulty.

Regardless the possession of any graduation and qualifications anywhere in order to train the doctors and medical professionals with the capabilities to work in any places there are the needs of the knowledgeable mentors to teach their knowledge, abilities and trends to the students in national, regional and international levels. This survey was started to determine the needs of the skills development of the mentors of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences under the mission to make it as one of the best 100 medical universities in the Asia-Pacific region and in order to create the favorable environment to accelerate the development of the university and creating a team consists from qualified mentors and researchers by improving the trainings, researches and clinical favorable environment including the quality improvement of the activities.The total of 333 mentors from the 5 structures and 3 branches of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were surveyed to be developed by the University of Michigan including the use of the widely used questionnaires in the universities consisting from 7 groups and 81 questions to determine the needs of the mentors.The working range of the best medical mentors including their needs of the skills was studied. The 55.7% (50.4-61.0%) of the mentors included in the survey were told that the facilitation of the learning needed, 82.4% (78.3-86.5%) as the role models needed, 79.9% (75.6-84.2%) as the provision of the information is needed, 76.3% (71.7-80.9%) as 82.8% (78.8-86.9%) as the planning needed and 81.0% (76.8-85.2%) as the assessment of the training is needed.There is a need to develop the skills related to the 6 frameworks as the learning facilitation for the mentors, role model providers, information providers, resource developers, planners and assessors.

IntroductionRheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that still remains a disease of unknown etiology and complex disease without a single treatment that is dominated by serious and debilitating sequalae resulting from synovial membrane, cartilage and progressive joint destruction involvement. There is a one major obstacle in elucidating the early events in the pathogenesis of RA has been the lack of definition of the initial features of the disease. To overcome these difficulties, various animal models have been developed. But Collagen Induced Arthritis (CIA) mouse model is known to be the most valuable animal model to explore the pathogenic process, molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint destruction, to discover the immune system respond and activation and to develop new effective treatment methods and useful drugs [1].Materials and Methods:Within this study we have used 40 male mice at age 6-8 weeksfor 0-60 days and divided into following 4 groups which are:I group–CIA induced mouse group treated with Derveger Jirgeruu (Saposhnicovia divaricata) (n=12) II group–CIA induced mouse group treated with Natriisalicylas (10%) (n=12) III group–Healthy control mouse group (n=8) IV group–CIA inducedcontrol mouse group (n=8). To induce CIA model, we have used standard method of Murali /2005/’s design. Standard drug Natriisalicylas (10mg/ 20gr), one of the often used drug anti-inflammatory and Mongolian herbal plant Derveger jirgeruu (Saposhnicovia divaricate) (0.26mg/20gr) were daily administered by orally, starting on day 21 until day 60.To evaluate and compare 2 drug’s anti-inflammatory effect, we have done clinical score evaluation (Kim W.U, 2002), laboratory testing and histological examination of the joints using standard methods.ResultTo summarize the research result, both medications have proven to be as a medication which has anti-inflammatory effect that decreased the signs and symptoms of RA by it is histological and laboratory analysis.Conclusions:1. CIA model was effectively induced, which have proven by clinical signs, laboratory result and histological examination.2. Within this study it has proven that traditional herbal medicine Derveger Jirgeruu (Saposhnicovia divaricate) (0.26mg/20g) have anti-inflammatory effect on CIA induced mouse model of Rheumatoid Arthritis, which have had similar effect asstandard non-steroid medicine Natriisalicylas (10mg/20g).

Background: In recent years, work-life balance has become a pressing issue for healthcare workers in many developing countries around the world. An imbalance between work and personal life leads to psychological stress, health problems, loss of self-confidence, job dissatisfaction, and decreased work productivity due to an inability to concentrate. It also results in a decline in the quality of treatment and services. Furthermore, it increases the risk of medical errors and contributes to both physical and mental burnout, ultimately leading to resignation. Aim: The study analyzed the work-life balance and turnover intentions of employees at family health centers. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional model and a quantitative survey method. The work-life balance of employees at Family Health Centers was examined using the work-life balance assessment question naire developed by Hayman (2005), and turnover intentions were assessed using the standard questionnaire developed by Auerbach et al. (2014). The research was carried out in 2024. The study included 123 employees from 22 Family Health Centers located in the Bayangol, Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Songinokhairkhan, Khan-Uul, and Chingeltei districts of Ulaanbaatar. Results: Of the participants, 95.1% were female, with an average age of 35.2±9.5. Among them, 55.3% were doctors, 29.3% were nurses, 9.8% were health social workers, and 5.7% were other non-medical staff. The income of Family Health Center employees was found to be insufficient; 8.9% had incomes below the minimum subsistence level, and their ability to meet basic household needs was very limited. The results show that participants’ work negatively impacted their personal life (WIPL–23.5), and personal life negatively affected their work (PLIW–15), both of which scored high. Meanwhile, the positive interaction between work and personal life (WPLE–10.7) was low, indicating a disruption in their work-life balance. Working overtime was statistically significant in relation to work-life imbalance (p=0.038). As age and years worked at the current organization increased, the negative impact of work on personal life and personal life on work tended to decrease. Conclusion The work-life balance of Family Health Center employees has been disrupted. The level of work negatively affecting personal life and personal life negatively affecting work is high. 65% of Family Health Center employees are considering leaving their current organization, and 41% are considering leaving the healthcare field.

Background: Children with developmental disabilities benefit from support in motor skills, sensory processing, cognitive development, and social skills. Mongolia has trained occupational therapists for a decade, with 37% specializing in pediatrics, but long-term therapy facilities remain limited. Aim: This study provides a case report on a child with developmental disabilities who received occupational therapy to evaluate improvements in sensory processing, social communication, and daily living skills. Materials and Methods: The study participants were purposively selected from children undergoing occupational therapy at the “Enerel” Child Development Center. Participant A is a 16-year-old male with hearing and speech impairments, as well as an intellectual disability. The initial assessment showed poor sensory processing and behavioral problems and communication difficulties. A tailored program incorporating sensory-based therapies, communication cards, and sign language was developed with caregiver collaboration. Occupational therapy was conducted five times weekly for 11 weeks. Pre and post test assessments included goal attainment scaling (GAS) and Sensory profile 2 (Child). Results: The participant showed improved communication using cards and sign language, better emotional regulation, enhanced sensory processing, and reduced hyperactivity to external stimuli. Goal Achievement (GAS) +2, meaning the goal was achieved better than expected and positive changes were found on the Sensory profile 2, with large effect sizes. Conclusion The study found that sensory- based occupational therapy and sign language training improved occupational performance and goal achievement in children with sensory, behavioral, and communication difficulties.

Background: To determine the visual and anatomical outcomes after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. Methods: Case files of patients who had surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment at the 3rd state central hospital May 2019 and May 2021 were reviewed. Information obtained included age, sex, presenting and post-operative visual acuity, anatomical reattachment, post- operative complications and causes of treatment failure. Results: Risk factors for retinal detachment included myopia in 8 eyes (32%), trauma in 7 eyes (28%), prior cataract surgery in 2 eyes (8%). 22 eyes (88%) presented with macula off while 3 eyes (12%) presented with macula partly or completely attached. Visual acuity at presentation was <0.01 in 15 eyes (60%). Following surgery, retina was attached in 23 eyes (92%) and remained detached 2 eyes (8%). Visual acuity after surgery was 0.1< 17 eyes, 0.4< 7 eyes. Visual acuity improved in 23 eyes (84%), remained the same in 2 eyes (8%). Conclusion Myopia and trauma are important risk factors for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Majority of patients in this setting presented late with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment and this was responsible for relatively poor visual outcomes despite good anatomical results after surgery. Proper screening of eyes at risk and education of patients is important for preventing visual loss due to retinal detachment.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a complex, progressive disease, which is accompanied by multiple cardiovascular complications. Oxidative stress is significantly increased in diabetic patients and may lead to great haemostatic disturbances existing in these patients. The major thrust was to review current literature on potential interrelationships between haemostatic and metabolic abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Zomoshin-6 decoction and Caragana jubata (Fabaceace) used in traditional Mongolian medicine have been shown to have haemostatic and antiviral effects. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir. and Zomoshin-6 decoction on haemostatic parameters and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats by using alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg. Control group received distilled water. Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir and Zomoshin-6 were administered orally at doses of 2.0 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg respectively. Aspirin (100mg/kg) was used for comparison as a standard medicine. All treatments were performed daily for 3 weeks. Blood samples were obtained and analyzed for fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time, triglycerides (TG) and plasma uric acid. Results and conclusions: Levels of TG (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.03) and plasma uric acid (p<0.02) were increased in rats administered alloxan compare to control and these were significantly reduced by Caragana jubata and Zomoshin-6 treatments (Table 1). Caragana jubata and Zomoshin-6 significantly reduced increases in fibrinogen (p<0.05) level and prothrombin time induced by alloxan (Table 2). Table 1. Effect of Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir and Zomoshin-6 on alloxan-induced increase in levels in TG, uric acid, and glucose. Table 2. Effect of Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir and Zomoshin-6 on levels of fibrinogen and prothrombin time in rats given alloxan Parameters Control Alloxan 150 mg/kg Alloxan 150 mg/kg Caragana jubata 2.0 g/kg Zomoshin-6 tan 0.2 g/kg Aspirin 100 mg/kg Triglycerde ( mg/dl) 80.9±2.9 139.1±1.7 57±1.8* 64.0±2.5* 75±1.7* Uric acid (mg/dl)1.3±0.4 2.82±0.9 0.85±0.1* 0.9±0.2** 1.1±0.6* Glucose (mg/dl) 110.3±2.8 140±11 99.2±5*** 135.5±22* 125.2±31* Control Alloxan 150 mg/kg Alloxan 150 mg/kg Caragana jubata 2.0 g/kg Zomoshin-6 0.2 g/kg Aspirin 100 mg/kg Fibrinogen (g/l)221.2±8.7 254±3.7 264.3±4.0* 207.4±3.5** 168.4±1.9** Prothrombin time (sec) 14.1±4.6 9.57±0.3* 22.7±2.3* 22.8±0.7** 20.5±3

Background: Organ transplantation has been rapidly advancing in Mongolia in recent years. The number of successful kidney, liver, and bone marrow transplants performed in national central hospitals has been increasing annually. While the number of successful kidney transplants is increasing, post-transplant immune monitoring remains insufficiently studied. Aim: To assess post-transplant immune status by analyzing inflammatory cytokine levels in kidney transplant recipients Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia. Serum samples from kidney transplant recipients were analyzed using flow cytometry to measure the levels of 13 inflammatory cytokines, including TGF-β1, PAI-1, sTREM-1, PTX3, sCD40L, sCD25 (IL-2Ra), CXCL12 (SDF-1), sST2, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, sRAGE, CX3CL1 (Fractalkine), and sCD130 (gp130). Statistical analysis was performed to assess the results. Results: The mean creatinine level significantly decreased on post-transplant days 7 and 30 compared to pre-transplant levels (p<0.001, ANOVA). No statistically significant difference was found in the 13 cytokine levels between the high risk and low-risk groups based on creatinine levels on post-transplant day 30 (p>0.05). However, the levels of TGF-β1, CX3CL1, sTREM-1, and sTNF-RI showed statistically significant differences between post-transplant days 7 and 30 (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between the measured cytokine levels and CRP (p > 0.05). On post-transplant day 7, sTREM-1 had a weak correlation with TGF-β1 (r=0.40, p=0.02) and sTNF-RI (r=0.36, p=0.05) but showed a strong correlation with CX3CL1 (r=0.65, p=0.0001). On post-transplant day 30, sTREM-1 remained strongly correlated with CX3CL1 (r=0.73, p=0.0001) and moderately correlated with sTNF-RI and TGF-β1 (r=0.45, p=0.01). Conclusions 1. The levels of TGF-β1, CX3CL1, sTREM-1, and sTNF-RI significantly varied between post-transplant days 7 and 30 (p< 0.05, T-test). 2. On post-transplant day 30, these cytokines were not correlated with CRP but were interrelated among themselves.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple joints. Although etiology of RA is not fully understood, TNF-alpha has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of RA. TNF-alpha stimulates proliferation of synovial cells and the production of matrix metalloproteinases by chondrocytes and synovial cells, and induces the release of other pro- inflammatory cytokines, leading to joint destruction. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of sunlavin, an arthritis relief tea on antigen- induced arthritis in rabbits. Methods: Arthritis of the knee joints was induced by ovalbumin injection into the joint spaces of pre-immunised rabbits. For time course experiments sunlavin was administered to rabbits for 7, 20, 34, and 49 days. Histopathological analysis of the synovial tissue was performed. Level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP) level, and white blood cells count (WBC) were measured. Results: Sunlavin reduced joint swelling of antigen-induced arthritis model of rabbits. Histological examination revealed that sunlavin reduced edematous changes and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the synovial tissues. Increases in ESR, CRP, and WBC were reduced up to 52% by sunlavin. Moreover, sunlavin decreased blood level of TNF-alpha (21%) in rabbit model of antigen-induced arthritis suggesting that sunlavin ameliorates inflammatory response in arthritic joints by inhibiting THF-alpha. Discussions and conclusions: We speculate that the effect of sunlavin might be affected by the tissue environment and the disease state, that is, the effect of sunlavin on inflammation may change during the inflammatory process. Sunlavin can be a potential anti-inflammatory agent for acute and chronic phase of inflammation.

Background: In the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, in addition to mechanical plaque control, the use of chemical plaque control such as mouth rinses for a certain period has shown a positive effect on treatment outcomes and prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mouthwash in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed for a period of 2 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 25 years having plaque-induced gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group 1-15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group 2-15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group 3-15 subjects into a negative control group. Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, groups 1 and 2 were instructed to rinse their mouth with 15 ml of their respective mouthwashes, for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), Full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks respectively. Results: At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of FMBS and FMPS mean values (p=0.174, p=0.887). At day 14, the FMPS, FMBS mean values were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than negative control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion The probiotic mouthwash was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.