Abstract In Unani medicine, Bawl (urine) is recognized as a key diagnostic tool, with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color, consistency, sediment, clarity, froth, odor, and volume. This conceptual review explores how these classical diagnostic indicators may be contextualized alongside modern urinalysis markers (e.g., bilirubin, protein, ketones, and sedimentation) and examined through emerging artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks. Potential applications include ResNet-18 for color classification, You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) for sediment detection, long short-term memory (LSTM) for viscosity estimation, and EfficientDet for froth analysis, with standardized urine images/videos forming the basis of future datasets. Additionally, a comparative ontology is proposed to align Unani perspectives with diagnostic approaches in traditional Chinese medicine, encouraging cross-system integration. By synthesizing classical epistemology with computational intelligence, this review highlights pathways for developing AI-based decision support systems to promote personalized, accessible, and telemedicine-enabled healthcare.

PURPOSE: Social media (SM), a virtual place where people can share, exchange, and communicate their ideas and knowledge, has become the new trend in communication and learning. This study aims to explore Saudi Arabian medical students' usage of SM and to discover the most common resources used in medical education. Furthermore, it aims to illustrate students' belief about the influence of SM on their learning. METHODS: This cross-sectional study administered validated questionnaires to medical students from different universities in Saudi Arabia, via emails, Twitter, Facebook, and short message service. A non-probability sampling technique was utilized and a sample size of 381 students was arrived at, using 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error, since the total number of medical students in Saudi Arabia is approximately 36,000. The total respondents were 657 students from 23 different Saudi Arabian medical schools (females: 60.5%, n=397; males: 39.5%, n=260). RESULTS: The questionnaires of 21% of the students (n=139) were excluded from the analysis since they were incomplete. The most common website used by both genders was YouTube (42.3%, n=185); however, males preferred using Twitter and Wikis (p=0.001). With regard to utilizing SM for learning, 95.8% (n=419) of the students believed that it is beneficial. Females stated that SM helps them link basic and clinical science (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Medical schools need to improve the utilization of SM by their faculty and students by developing activities and encouraging the usage of SM in education.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education* ; Education, Medical ; Electronic Mail ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Sample Size ; Saudi Arabia* ; Schools, Medical ; Social Media* ; Students, Medical* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Text Messaging

Calcium hydroxide (CH) dressing residues can compromise endodontic sealing. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of remaining CH in root canals after mechanical removal by four groups of irrigation techniques including needle irrigation only, ProTaper file, EndoActivator, and ultrasonic file. Fifteen extracted single-rooted teeth were collected and used for all four groups. The samples were firstly prepared by ProTaper rotary instruments, and then sectioned longitudinally through the long axis of the root canals, followed by final reassembling by wires. CH was kept in the canals for 7 days setting. The removal procedure began with 5 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) followed by 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and a final irrigation with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl solution for all groups. No additional agitation of the irrigant was performed in group 1, while agitation for 20 s between irrigants was done with F2 ProTaper rotary file in group 2, EndoActivator with tip size 25/.04 in group 3 and by an ultrasonic file 25/.02 in group 4. The total activation time was 60 s. The roots were then disassembled and captured by digital camera. The ratio of CH coated surface area to the surface area of the whole canal as well as each third of the canal was calculated. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA using post hoc Tukey test. Results showed that none of the four techniques could remove all CH. No significant difference was found between EndoActivator and ultrasonic techniques. However, they both removed significantly more CH than ProTaper and needle irrigation (P=0.0001). In conclusion, the sonic and ultrasonic agitation techniques were more effective in removing intracanal medicaments than the ProTaper rotary file and needle irrigation in all thirds of the canal.
Calcium Hydroxide ; isolation & purification ; Dental Instruments ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; chemistry ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Root Canal Irrigants ; isolation & purification ; Root Canal Preparation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Sonication ; instrumentation ; methods ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; instrumentation