Objective:To investigate the expression of low-molecular-weight PSA(lw-PSA) and lactoferrin in the expressed prostatic secretion(EPS) from both benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) and normal prostate.Methods: Forty human EPS samples obtained from 20 BPH patients and 20 normal males were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE).Mass spectrometry was performed to confirm the nature of the secreted proteins in EPS.Results: One uniquely expressed protein in BPH was detected and mass spectrometry determined its nature as lw-PSA(molecular weight 10?10~3,pI 8.5-(9.3)).More importantly,Western blotting analysis also revealed that lw-PSA detected in BPH-EPS,but was undetectable in BPH-free EPS.In addition,up-regulation of Lactoferrin(molecular weight 35?10~3,pI 7-7.5) in BPHEPS,as compared with BPH-free EPS,was also observed.More interestingly,lactoferrin was absent in prostate cancer tissues.Conclusion: Our results indicate lw-PSA may be produced specifically by BPH epithelium and it has a potential to be used as a specific biological marker for the diagnosis of BPH.In addition,benign prostatic epithelium can produce more lactoferrin while prostate cancer tissues go without its lactoferrin secretion.

Objective To detect both the protein and gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP 2,MMP 9) and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP 2) in tissues of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC), and to study the correlation with the grading and staging of the neoplasm and with the prognosis. Methods 41 human BTCC ,15 normal bladder tissue were studied by Western Blot and RT PCR analysis followed by computer assisted image analysis in order to detect the A values of their expression. Results In BTCC, the A value of MMP 2, MMP 9 were increased significantly as compared to normal bladder epithelium. There was no statistical significant difference of A value of TIMP 2 between normal bladder tissue and bladder cancer tissue. The ratio of MMP 2/TIMP 2 in bladder cancer showed statistical significantly difference as compared with normal bladder tissue. Conclusions This study demonstrated there was a high expression of MMP 2 and MMP 9 in BTCC,by which collagen Ⅳ inside basement membrane of bladder was damaged.However, the ratio of MMP 2/TIMP 2 has more prognostic value than the expression of MMP 2 and MMP 9 alone.

Objective To evaluate the quantitative determination of urine nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP-22) and bladder tumor antigen (BTA) in the screening of bladder tumor recurrence. Methods 90 patients who had undergone TURBT were recruited in this study.Standard ELISA test was used to determine the quantity of NMP-22 in urine and urine BTA stat test was also performed.the findings were analyed with reference to the cystoscopic and pathological results. Results In comparison with the results of cystoscopy,urine NMP-22 test might denote 77% (32/43) recurrence of bladder cancer and this positive rate would increase to 93% (40/43) with the combined use of urine NMP-22 and BTA test. Conclusions Examination of NMP-22 in urine is a rapid and effective means of detecting the recurrence of bladder cancer.With the combined use of BTA test,urine NMP-22 determination might be a useful non-invasive method in screening the recurrence of bladder cancer,and the conventional invasive cystoscopy might be avoided.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the understanding and application of the Chinese Urological Association (CUA) guidelines of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (2011 edition) in Chinese urologists.Methods The survey was conducted between September,2012 and November,2012.Questionnaires designed by the CUA were used to investigate the understanding and management of BPH in CUA-registered urologists,who work in clinic for at least 20 hours per week.Data,including general characteristics of the urologists,understanding of BPH,BPH diagnosing in suspected patients,BPH treatment,and follow up,were collected.7500 questionnaires were distributed.A total of 4 897 participants responded (response rate 70.0％).86 questionnaires with incomplete information and 37 duplicate questionnaires were excluded.And 4 774 validate questionnaires were included for the analysis,finally.The mean age of those investigated urologists was (39.9±9.2) years old.Among them,3 802 (81.0％) urologists work in the tertiary hospital,878 (18.7％) urologists work in the secondary hospital and 12 (0.3％) urologists work in the other hospital.The district distribution in those urologists included 455 (9.6％) in northeast china,812 (17.1％) in north china,1 696 (35.6％) in east china,869 (18.2％) in south china,634 (13.3％) in southwest china,295 (6.2％) in northwest china.1 835 (43.8％) urologists have less than ten years working experience.1 505 (35.9％) urologists have 11 to 20 years working experience.The 21 to 20 years working experience was reported in 705 (16.8％) urologist.And the other 149 (3.5％) urologists have working experience more than 31 years.The educational background in this study included doctor degree in 732 (15.8％) urologists,master degree in 1 729 (37.4％) urologists,bachelor degree in 2 067 (44.7％)urologists and college degree in 101 (2.1％) urologists.The position composition included 834 (18.2) directors,1 371 (30.0％) deputy directors,1 605 (35.1％) attendings and 765 (16.7％) residents.The data were analyzed using rank-sum test,2 test,or Fisher's exact test.Results The understanding of BPH clinical progression and progression-associated risk factors in Chinese urologists was poor.Compared to the guidelines,the rate of consistent were only 43.4％ (2 023/4 665) and 10.2％ (477/4 660),respectively.The initial evaluation methods for suspected BPH patients were in low consistency with the guidelines (20.2％,845/4 181) and were inconsistent among different areas [66.5％ (290/436) in northeast china,64.7％ (556/859) in south china,55.6％ (158/284) in northwest china,55.1％ (922/1 672) in east china,54.7％ (435/795) in north china,48.0％ (296/617) in southwest china].The participants showed poor understanding of the primary goal of treatment for BPH (4.9％ consistent,229/4 666) and the criteria about watchful waiting (22.5％ consistent,1 051/4 674).However,the understanding of surgical indications for BPH was good (94.6％ consistent,4 410/4 663).The therapeutic effects of 5α-reductase inhibitor for BPH were acknowledged by 93.4％ (4 388/4 699) participants.The consistent rate with the guidelines of follow-up examinations was low for patients with watchful waiting (7.8％,355/4 531),medication treatment (8.4％,373/4432),and surgery (44.8％,2 105/4 702).Conclusions The understanding of the CUA BPH guidelines is poor in Chinese urologists.Target training in the specific urologists with tailored contents is necessary.

Objective In this study ,we constructed a series of recombinant plasmids carriers expressing shRNA targeting hTERT and Bi‐1 gene .These recombinant plasmids carriers were transfected into CNE‐2Z cell lines using Lip and continuously in‐duced the expression of shRNAs .Furthermore ,the shRNAs caused the degradation of mRNAs homologous in sequence with the target genes ,which lead to a sequence‐specific gene silencing .Methods The CNE‐2Z cells was divided into untreated group ,pEG‐FP‐N1 group and pEGFP‐N1/Lip group .Flow cytometry(FCM ) was applied to determine the transfection efficiency .The changes of hTERT and Bi‐1 gene expression were detected by Real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blotting .Results The best transfection effi‐ciency between plasmid and Lip was 2 .5 μg plasmid and 6 .25μL Lip .Conclusion We constructed several shRNA recombinant eu‐karyotic expression plasmids successfully .The recombinant plasmid can inhibit the expression of hTERT and Bi‐1 gene specifically and effectively .

Filtering is very important in acquiring EC G signals.With the characteristics of ECG signals analyzed,this paper designs and achieves a filtering circuit.The result of the experiment is also given.

Diabetes is a vulgar malady of metabolism and incretion. It is important to monitor and control the blood glucose for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. In particular, it is one of the most effective means for physicians or patients to do so through self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) instruments. In this paper, SMBG instruments are discussed in detail and classified as the minimally invasive one, the non-invasive one and the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). The needle or laser applied to blood sampling, the technology of the minimally invasive one is relatively mature, and the result of measurement is exact, but this way is achy for the patients. Reverse iontophoresis and spectral analysis adopted, the non-invasive has an increasing accuracy. The CGMS can perform the periodical measurement and record of the value of blood glucose automatically for several days.

Objective:To investigate if downregulation of two mitotic checkpoint proteins, MAD2 and p55CDC, is a frequent event in human prostate cancer and whether decreased expression of these two proteins are associated with progression of prostate cancer. Methods: Using immunohistochemistry technique, the expressions of MAD2 and p55CDC proteins are examined in 46 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 65 prostate cancer tissues. Differential expressions were compared first between BPH and prostate cancer specimens, and then among prostate cancer samples with different Gleason grades. Results: We found that down regulation of MAD2 and p55CDC expressions was significant in prostate cancer (96% and 83%, respectively) compared to BPH (19.5% and 4.3%, respectively) ( P

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the management of prostate carcinoma.MethodsTURP were randomly performed on 19 suspected patients with prostate carcinoma, based on their mean serum PSA level (14.5 ng/ml) and negative result of anal touch,so as to take more biopsy samples and to make histopathologic diagnosis.Meanwhile,another 8 patients with prostate carcinoma underwent palliative TURP so as to resolve bladder outlet obstruction.ResultsOf the 19 suspected patients, 6 (33%) were pathologically diagnosed to have prostate carcinoma.These 6 patients were all alive during a follow-up for 3 months to 6 years.Obstructive symptom was relieved in 4 patients who underwent palliative TURP,but repeat palliative TURP was needed in 2 patients 3 months after initial operations.ConclusionsIn certain circumstances,TURP may play a role in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. In addition, it relieves obstructive symptom caused by enlarged prostate. However, the long-term effects are unpredictable.

Objective To discuss the clinical outcomes of surgical treatment on epididymal obstructive azoospermia (EOA) and the factors affecting clinical results. Methods The clinical data of 51 EOA patients who underwent single layer longitudinal 2-suture intussusception vasoepididymostomy (LIVE) were retrospectively analyzed. The months of follow up, mean level of sperm count per ejaculate and percentage of grade A sperm were collected. Patency and pregnancy rates were recorded during followups. Results A total of 51 men were taken scrotal exploration. Sperms were bilaterally or unilaterally present in epididymal fluid in 49 cases, including 1 case had sperm in one side of the epididymal fluid and the contralateral vasal fluid. No sperm was found in epididymis in 2 cases. Bilateral and unilateral LIVE were performed in 48 cases. 44 were followed for more than 6 months and 39 for more than 1 year. Sperm was present in ejaculate in 32 of cases, the overall patency rates were 72.7%. The mean sperm count was (24±23) × 106 per ejaculate. Grade A sperm was present in the ejaculate in 28 cases with a mean levels of (12± 11.2)%. A total of 10 cases achieved pregnancy.Pregnancy was achieved only when the site of anastomosis was at cauda epididymis. Conclusions Loupe-assisted LIVE, with lower cost and simplified surgical procedure, could achieve optimistic patency outcomes and pregnancy results. Data of this paper also suggested that it should be taken into account that pregnant outcome was related to the site of anastomosis.