Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is referred as the changes of physical and chemical properties, as well as the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of drugs administered simultaneously or consecutively. The clinical results for drug-drug interaction could be divided into good clinical efficacy and adverse interaction. With the kinds of drugs increasing every year, new drug resistances spring up frequently. This phenomenon makes drug combination increased so that the drug interaction, especially the adverse interaction emerged. The mechanisms of in vivo drug-drug interaction are relevant to a number of factors, including drug-metabolizing enzyme systems and membrane transporters. Recent studies have revealed the important role played by transporters in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. In order to avoid severe side effects mediated by transporters and to promote rational combination in clinics, the mechanisms of intestinal absorption and renal excretion mediated by transporters are reviewed.

H+/oligopeptide cotransporter PEPT1 mainly located at the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelium cell. transports dipeptide/tripeptide which is the degradation products of protein in digestive tract. Peptide-like drugs such as ?-lactam antibiotics,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and non-peptide drugs valaciclovir also can be transported and uptaked by PEPT1. PEPT1 is important for maintaining the homeostasis and the absorption of drugs in gastrointestinal tract. With the further research of PEPT1 gene, protein structure, and functional activity, we have known the factors about regulation of PEPT1 expression in membrane, their functional activities and substrate affinities. Some associated mechanism of regulation have been studied. As the wide substrate specificities of PEPT1, it becomes the target molecular on drug development and implication for drug delivery. Studies about interactions of PEPT1 with drugs are important for knowing the interactions of drugs, evaluating bioavailability of drug by intestinal absorption, researching the target treatment in anti-tumor drugs and individualization administration.

To investigate the effect of treasure pill pretreatment on hypoxic brain injury Fas and Fas L protein expression.Methods:Newborn 7d Wistar rats 200,male or female,were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=40):normal control group, model group 1h hypoxia(Ⅰm-12h,Ⅰm-24h,Ⅰm-48h,Ⅰm-72h),model group 4h hypoxia(Ⅳm-12h,Ⅳm-24h,Ⅳm-48h,Ⅳm-72h), hypoxic 1h treasure pill treatment group(ⅠT-14h,ⅠT-24h,ⅠT-48h,ⅠT-72h),hypoxic 4h treasure pill treatment group(ⅣT-14h,ⅣT-24 h ,ⅣT-48 h ,ⅣT-72 h ).The newborn Wistar rats were placed in hypoxia chamber of 8%O2+92%N2 ( V/V) for establishment the model of neonatal rats with hypoxia.Before modeling continuous 7 d once-daily oral administration of saline and treasure pill , during hypoxia also dose ,after hypoxia 12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h animals were sacrificed blood and brain tissues tested.By ELISA to detect the protein levels of Fas and Fas L in serum and brain tissue;by immunohistochemistry method to detect the expression of Fas and Fas L in rat brain tissue.Results:Compared with normal control group ,other four groups the protein content and protein expression of Fas and Fas L are in the 12h time points after hypoxic significantly increased ,and 24 h time point that pealed at statistically significant ( P<0.01 ) ,model group was significantly higher than the treatment group at each time point ;model groups in 48 h,72 h time point the protein expression and protein content of Fas and Fas L was less than 12 h time point but still significantly higher than the control group ( P<0.01 );treasure pill groups in 48 h,72 h time point the protein expression and protein content of Fas and Fas L was less than 12 h time point ,and slightly higher than the normal control group ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion: Treasures pill can cut hypoxic brain damage in rats,the positive expression of Fas and Fas L protein content and protein ,and thus the hypoxic brain injury has a protective effect.

Objective To compare the outcomes of TOT and TVT procedure treating female intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD).Methods From May 2010 to September 2015,42 stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients whose abdominal leak point pressure was less than 60 cmH2O were enrolled in this study.Thirty-five patients were followed up.The mean age was (56.8 ±10.5) years,with a range of 30-80 years.The mean history was(10.5 ± 9.1)years,with a range of 4 months to 30 years,with 26 (74.3％) of them being postmenopausal,5 (14.3％) having a history of pelvic surgery,and no pelvic organ prolapsed or hormone replacement.All of them were randomly divided into 2 groups to undergo either TVT operation (13 cases) or TOT operation (22 cases).The baseline characteristics of the two groups including age,length of history,urodynamic parameters and scale scores showed no significant difference.The scales including urinary incontinence severity score (UISS),detrusor instability score (DIS),Quality of Life Scale Evaluation (I-QOL),lower urinary tract symptoms affect score (UDI-6) were used.The outcomes between TVT group and TOT group were compared.Result After procedure,patients in TVT group got a lower UISS score than TOT group(17.2 ± 2.2 vs.17.7 ± 3.1),and their severity of urinary incontinence improved significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Patients from TVT group got a lower DIS score than TOT group (12.6 ± 4.2 vs.14.2 ± 3.5),and their detrusor instability symptoms improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Patients from TVT group got a higher I-QOL score than TOT group(17.5 ± 14.5 vs.16.1 ± 13.0),and their quality of life improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Patients from TVT group got a lower UDI-6 score than TOT group (10.1 ± 3.0 vs.11.2 ± 3.4),and their lower urinary tract symptoms improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Urinary incontinence of female ISD patients were improved greater by TVT than TOT procedure.

One of the major responsibilities for medical students is to save lives and to popularize emergency medical treatment knowledge for the masses of society.Based on research analysis,systemic training of cardiopulmonary resuscitation program including lectures,simulation education and social practice were performed for medical students.After practice activities,these students could proficiently apply the basic knowledge and skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in practical work and spread what they have learned to the public.Furthermore the program could improve students' abilities in social practice and team spirit and it is of great social significance.

BACKGROUND:Artificial lumbar disc replacement is a new choice for the treatment of degenerative disc disease, and preserves lumbar vertebra’s biomechanical characteristics during pain elimination. The design of the prosthesis structure and material needs further study and validation. OBJECTIVE:To review the structure and material types of presently designed artificial lumbar discs, then to discuss the trends in the optimization design of prosthesis. METHODS:The PubMed database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database were searched for related articles concerning artificial lumbar disc and type and biomechanics of nucleus pulposus prosthesis material published from January 2005 to February 2013 by the first author. Key words were“artificial lumbar disc, principle of prosthesis design, structure, material, clinical trials”in Chinese and“artificial lumbar disc, total disc replacement, structure, material, clinical trial”in English. Repetitive and old studies were excluded. 135 articles were found, but 36 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At present, the materials for intervertebral discs include cobalt-chromium al oy, ceramics, stainless steel, titanium al oy and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Artificial lumbar disc is commonly made by different materials. Bryan prosthesis is most commonly used in the clinic. Three-dimensional finite element analysis, in vitro trial and clinical studies verified its good biomechanical property. The successful rate of replacement was high. Nucleus prosthesis contains prefabricated type and situ polymerization type, and obtains smal injury, so it is a hot focus in present study, but it cannot achieve biomechanical function of human nucleus pulposus. To dig novel material is a future direction for designing individual prosthesis. The prosthetic structure and biomaterial design experience constant improvement and development. This study combines latest study trend and prospects the development of biomimetic design, material improvement, the optimization design of prosthesis and assisted devices.

Objective To discuss the clinical outcomes of surgical treatment on epididymal obstructive azoospermia (EOA) and the factors affecting clinical results. Methods The clinical data of 51 EOA patients who underwent single layer longitudinal 2-suture intussusception vasoepididymostomy (LIVE) were retrospectively analyzed. The months of follow up, mean level of sperm count per ejaculate and percentage of grade A sperm were collected. Patency and pregnancy rates were recorded during followups. Results A total of 51 men were taken scrotal exploration. Sperms were bilaterally or unilaterally present in epididymal fluid in 49 cases, including 1 case had sperm in one side of the epididymal fluid and the contralateral vasal fluid. No sperm was found in epididymis in 2 cases. Bilateral and unilateral LIVE were performed in 48 cases. 44 were followed for more than 6 months and 39 for more than 1 year. Sperm was present in ejaculate in 32 of cases, the overall patency rates were 72.7%. The mean sperm count was (24±23) × 106 per ejaculate. Grade A sperm was present in the ejaculate in 28 cases with a mean levels of (12± 11.2)%. A total of 10 cases achieved pregnancy.Pregnancy was achieved only when the site of anastomosis was at cauda epididymis. Conclusions Loupe-assisted LIVE, with lower cost and simplified surgical procedure, could achieve optimistic patency outcomes and pregnancy results. Data of this paper also suggested that it should be taken into account that pregnant outcome was related to the site of anastomosis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the management of prostate carcinoma.MethodsTURP were randomly performed on 19 suspected patients with prostate carcinoma, based on their mean serum PSA level (14.5 ng/ml) and negative result of anal touch,so as to take more biopsy samples and to make histopathologic diagnosis.Meanwhile,another 8 patients with prostate carcinoma underwent palliative TURP so as to resolve bladder outlet obstruction.ResultsOf the 19 suspected patients, 6 (33%) were pathologically diagnosed to have prostate carcinoma.These 6 patients were all alive during a follow-up for 3 months to 6 years.Obstructive symptom was relieved in 4 patients who underwent palliative TURP,but repeat palliative TURP was needed in 2 patients 3 months after initial operations.ConclusionsIn certain circumstances,TURP may play a role in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. In addition, it relieves obstructive symptom caused by enlarged prostate. However, the long-term effects are unpredictable.

Filtering is very important in acquiring EC G signals.With the characteristics of ECG signals analyzed,this paper designs and achieves a filtering circuit.The result of the experiment is also given.

Objective To develop a new portable micro-invasive blood glucose detector.Methods With a high-performance MCU C8051F060 as the core,the system is composed of SPR biosensor,step-motor,vacuum pump and a lattice-style liquid crystal module.With multi-task RTOS,RTX51-TINY,the system realizes blood measurement.Results Microinvasive and real-time acquisition and detection for the body's blood glucose can be fulfilled.Conclusion This detector has the characteristics of small size,high-speed and accurate detection,so it has a nice application foreground.