Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and iNOS/COX-2 signal transduction path-ways are closely related to occurrence and development of diseases , such as tumor, immunity, inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia, injury and so on.iNOS/COX-2 controls the physiological and pathological activities of human lower urinary tract .This article summarizes the role and mechanism of iNOS/COX-2 signal transduction pathways in related diseases .It not only provids an important target for treat-ment of disease and but provides a theoretical basis and research ideas for the development and research of new drugs .

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of urinary incontinence of the adult women in two communities in Kunming so as to obtain basic epidemiological data,draw epidemiological regularity of adult women urinary incontinence in this two communities.Methods International Consultation on Inconvenience Questionnaire Short Form (ICQ-SF) survey was conducted among adult women Shuanglongqiao community and Zongshuying community during April 2012 to April 2013.Results (1) The prevalence rate of urinary incontinence among adult women was 16.84％.The constituent ratio of stress urinary incontinence was 42.6％,mainly with mild occurrence.Women over 41 years old were found with moderate and severe urinary incontinences.(2) The prevalence of urinary incontinence increased with age,especially the middle-aged and elderly women.The incidence was related to educational background,occupation,marriage and pregnancy status,and history of pelvic surgery (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Urinary incontinence affects middle-aged and elderly women.There are differences of the prevalence of urinary incontinence among adult women with different nationality,occupation,educational background,marriage and pregnancy status,and history of pelvic surgery.

Female stress urinary incontinence (FSUI) is a common disease of women in department of urology, which severely affects elderly physical and mental health of women. The molecular mechanism of FSUI is still unclear. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX) and their respective products nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) are closely related with FSUI. In this paper, the distribution of NOS and COX in female lower urinary tract and the research development of NOS, COX and their products with FSUI are summarized.

Skeletal muscle is an important tissue of the human body .Besides the roles in the motion system , the respiratory system, and the circulatory system , skeletal muscle also can be a secreting tissue and participate in signal transduction .As the finding of satellite cell and its muscle formation , the viewpoint that skeletal muscle′s injure is irreversible has becoming an history .Using sat-ellite cells to form muscle can be used to treat injury of skeletal muscle .However , the process is affected by many factors , such as ex-tracellular matrix, regulation factors, age, disease, epigenetic and so on.This paper summarizes the latest study progress of satellite cell muscle formation .

OBJECTIVE:To observe therapeutic efficacy and safety of Xiaoer jiegan granules with Ribavirin in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infection. METHODS:98 patients with upper respiratory tract infection were randomly divided into obser-vation group and control group with 49 cases in each group. Control group was given Ribavirin injection for routine upper respiratory tract antiviral therapy,10-15 mg/kg,added into 5% Glucose injection 250 ml,ivgtt,qd. Observation group was given Xiaoer jiegan granules,1g/time for 1-3 year-old children,2g/time for 4-6 year-old children and 3 g/time for 7-9 year-old,tid. A treatment course of 2 groups lasted for 5 days,both received 2 courses of treatment. Clinical efficacy,cough and other symptoms score,ADR were ob-served in 2 groups. RESULTS:The effective rate of observation group (97.96%) was higher than that of control group (87.76%), with statistical significance(P<0.05). Before treatment,there was no significant difference in the scores of fever and cough and other symptoms between 2 groups,with statistical significance(P>0.05);after treatment, the scores of fever and cough and other symp-toms in observation group were lower than in control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). The incidence of ADR in the ob-servation group(6.12%)was significantly lower than in control group(22.45%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLU-SIONS:Xiaoer jiegan granule with Ribavirin is effective in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract virus infection,and can im-prove fever,cough and other clinical symptoms,so as to promote better conditions and reduce the occurrence of ADR.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of anti-HCV positive among volunteer blood donors in Zhouk-ou city. Methods A total of 200 950 blood specimens from voluntary blood donors in Zhoukou from 2007 to 2012 were detected for anti-HCV by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,results were ana-lyzed. Results The total positive rate of anti-HCV was 0.21% (416/200 950),there were significant difference in positive rates of anti-HCV among populations of different genders,ages and educational background(χ2= 24.01 , 142.31,45.8,respectively,allP<0.01),the positive rate of anti-HCV in female was higher than that of male ([0.27% ,205/75 658]vs [0.17% ,211/125 292]);the positive rate of anti-HCV was the lowest in donors aged 21-30 years (0.06% ,38/63 719),and highest in donors aged>40 years (0.33% ,162/48 871);the lower donors re-ceived education,the higher positive rate of anti-HCV they had,the positive rate of anti-HCV in donors with j unior high school education was 0.26% (107/41 154). The positive rate of anti-HCV in blood donors decreased gradually from 2007 to 2012(χ2= 14.576,P<0.05).Conclusion The positive rate of anti-HCV is low in voluntary blood do-nors in Zhoukou and is significantly different among different populations.

Objective To study the methods and efficacy of selective or superselective renal artery embolization for renal neoplasms,abcesses and bleeding. Methods Sixty cases of renal carcinomas and 4 cases of abcesses were all treated with selective renal artery embolization before surgery,and 3 cases of advanced renal carcinomas were treated with selective renal artery embolization alone.Embolization materials for carcinoma and abcesses were mainly gelfoam.Nine cases of renal angiomyolipomas,23 of traumatic renal hemorrhages,1 undergoing extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and 2 nephrolithotomy,all of whom had severe hematuria,were treated with selective or superselective renal segment artery embolization.Embolization materials for hemorrhages were mainly self-blood clots and(or) gelfoam,and the materials for angiomyolipoma were pure alcohol and(or) gelfoam. Results The sizes of carcinomas and abcesses were decreased in all of the 60 cases of renal carcinomas and 4 cases of renal abcesses.The edema around the carcinomas and abcesses became obvious,and bleeding was reduced,which were convenient for operation and prolonged survivals.All the renal bleeding were cured with selective or superselective renal artery embolization except for one traumatic case treated by operation for continuous bleeding.All these cases were followed up for 1 month to 18 years.One case had mild atrophy of kidney and in one case IVU didn't develop.All the others were in good condition. Conclusions Selective or superselective renal artery embolization is a safe,effective approach with less complications and most probability to preserve the diseased kidney. Renal artery embolization as a valuable treatment should be studied and widely applied.

Modern medicine has a double characteristics of techniques and humanity in clinics especially in urology for new techniques and materials can be simply utilized by means of physical channel of urinal system.In the clinical practice of Uuology,we should consciously practice the medical ethics,such as autonomy right and respecting right,and offer humane care to patients indeed.These contributes to improving the quality of medical service,alleviating the contradictions between docters and patients,reducing medical disputes.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of orthotopic urinary diversion in women. Methods From September 1995 to December 2003,34 female patients (mean age,58 years;range,53-64 years) with bladder cancer were included.Of them,30 cases were of primary tumors and 4,of recurrent ones.Pathology showed transitional cell carcinoma in 30 cases,bladder adenocarcinoma in 3 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1.Radical cystectomy was performed in all the 34 cases;and the technique of cystectomy with nerve-sparing was performed in 24 of them. Intraoperative frozen section of the distal urethra surgical margin showed no evidence of tumor,and ileal neobladder was formed in all.The clinical therapeutic effects were analyzed retrospectively. Results The mean operative time was 360 min(range,280-420 min),and mean blood transfusion was 600 ml(range,300-1000 ml).Thirty cases were followed up for a mean of 61 months(range,6-108 months).At 6 months after surgery the continence rate was 90%(27/30) during the day and 86%(26/30) at night.Twenty-three cases could empty the neobladder one time and 2 needed intermittent catheterization due to hyper-continence; the other 5 needed pushing the abdomen to empty the neobladder. Twenty-three patients had good urodynamic findings;the vesical capacity ranged 300-520 ml and maximum intravesical pressure were

Objective To raise the awareness of the glandularis ureteritis. Methods Five cases with glandularis ureteritis confirmed by pathological examination from Jan 2001 to Jun 2012 were reviewed. The diagnosis was assessed on histopathologic studies in all. The clinical manifestations, the diagnosis and treatment were discussed. Results Resections of the affected ureter and ureteroplasty were undertaken for 2 patients. Ureteronephrectomy was performed for 2 patients because of serious hydronephrosis due to obstruction. Electrofulguration via-ureteroscopy was carried out for another patient. All patients have been well and without recurrence on following up for 15 to 152 months, with an average of 86.6 months. Conclusion Glandularis ureteritis is not frequently seen and the etiopathogenesis is not yet clear. Biopsy is very important for suspected neoplasm of ureter before performing nephrectomy.