Objective To explore the kinds and levels of phthalates leaching from disposable plastic products. Methods Samples of peritoneal dialysis solution, blood preservative solution, infusion instruments, preservative film, disposable plastic bags and water in plastic bottles were analyzed for phthalates by RP-HPLC after liquid-liquid extraction and/ or solid phase extraction. Results Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was leached from all medical instruments, the maximum level of which reached 77.51?g/ L. Di-n-butyl phthalate was leached from disposable plastic bags, the level of which reached 91.45?g/ kg. Phthalates were not found in samples of preservative film and water in plastic bottles. Conclusion As DEHP leaching from the medical instruments might directly enter the human body, attention should be paid to its health hazards.

Objective To study the toxicokinetics of phthalates in male rabbits. Methods Concentrations of DEHP or DBP in plasma of 6 healthy male rabbits were determined by RP-HPLC after constant rate infusion of 0.5 g/kg DEHP or DBP(IV). The toxicokinetic parameters were computed by 3P87 program. Results The toxicokinetic model of DEHP and DBP were both first-order elimination and two-compartment model with constant rate infusion. The main toxicokinetic parameters of DEHP were as follows: distribution phose t1/2(?)=0.101 h; elimination phase t1/2(?)=12.701 h; CLs=0.013 g?kg-1?h-1. The main toxicokinetic parameters of DBP were as follows: t1/2(?)=0.441 h; t1/2(?)=31.311 h; CLs=0.021 g?kg-1?h-1. Conclusion DEHP and DBP were both first order elmination and two-compartment medol with constand rate intusion(IV). DEHP and DBP could be rapidly eliminated in male rabbits.

BACKGROUND:Hip segmentation based on CT image has been widely used in computer-assisted surgery planning, prosthesis design and finite element analysis. OBJECTIVE:To explore application effects of automatic segmentation method for hip joint based on Bayesian Decision Theory in computer-assisted hip surgery. METHODS:An accurate outer surface segmentation and extraction remain chal enging due to deformed shapes and extremely narrow inter-bone regions. In this paper, we present an automatic, fast and accurate approach for segmentation of femoral head and proximal acetabulum. The outline of the femur was segmented and extracted by contrast enhancement, thresholding algorithm and region growth algorithm. The boundaries of the bone regions are further refined based on Bayes decision rule. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Automatic segmentation method for hip joint based on Bayesian Decision Theory is an accurate segmentation technique for femoral head and proximal acetabulum and it can be applied in computer-assisted hip surgery and prosthesis design.

Objective To compare the efficacy and complications of Chinese Shang Ring circumcision with conventional circumcisiom Methods Clinical data of 479 cases of Chinese Shang Ring circumcision and 354 cases of conventional circumcision with complete follow-up were analyzed.Comparisons were made between the two groups on operation time,pain score,blood loss,postoperative complications,postoperative satisfaction with penile appearance,wound healing time and treatment costs. Results There was no statistical difference in age and foreskin status between the two groups (P＞0.05).For the Shang Ring group,the operation time was(5±1)rain,blood loss was (0.98±1.14)ml,pain score during operation was 0.25±0.54,24-hour pain score after operation was 1.63±0.87,the postoperative complication rate was 6.89% (33/479),wound healing time was (20±5)d,the satisfaction rate of appearance was 99.79% (478/479),and treatment cost was (871±52) yuan.For the conventional group,the operation time was (27±5) min,blood loss was (8.30±3.60)ml,pain score during operation was 3.29±1.57,24-hour pain score after operation was 5.56±1.42,the postoperative complication rate was 13.28%(47/354),wound healing time was (13±2)d,satisfaction rate of appearance was 92.37% (327/354),and treatment cost was (554±46) yuan.Compared with the conventional group,the Shang Ring group had a shorter operation time,less blood loss,less pain score,higher appearance satisfaction rate and a lower complication rate (P＜0.05).But wound healing time was longer and treatment cost was higher in the Shang Ring group (P＜0.05). Conclusions Chinese Shang Ring circumcision is simpler and an improved approach over conventional circumeision with shorter operative time,less blood loss,less pain,relatively lower complication rate and higher satisfaction and acceptability.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of different methods of biliary stenting for intractable choledocholithiasis.Methods A total of 137 patients with intractable choledocholithiasis were randomly divided into 4 groups to receive different managements.The treatments included single biliary stent placement in group A (n=32),single stent placement plus oral medication in group B (n=35),double stents placement in group C (n=33) and double stents placements plus oral medication in group D (n=37).All biliary stents were placed via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Oral medication included ursodeoxycholic acid and/or anethol trithione after the procedure.All patients were closely followed up.Results The size of stones in common bile duct (CBD) decreased in all cases at 3 months after stent placement,with most significant changes in groups C and D than in groups A and B (P＜0.05).The stents kept unobstructed for a mean time of 7.6 months (3.5-20 months),with a significant difference between every 2 groups (P＜0.05) and a longest duration time in group D.A second procedure of ERCP was performed in 72 patients (52.6%),with achievement of total choledocholithiasis clearance in 51 (84.7%).Hyperamylasemia (HA) occurred in 41 cases (29.9%),which were mainly observed in the groups C and D (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Biliary stent placement is a safe and effective palliative therapy for intractable choledocholithiasis,while double stents placements combined with pharmacotherapy is most effective.

Objective To evaluate the consistence in the detection of antibodies against HIV-1 between a new rapid test using oral mucosal transudate (OMT) samples and ELISA using serum samples. Methods Two-hundred patients who were positive for anti-HIV-1 antibodies by serum ELISA and confirmed by Western blot to be infected with HIV, and 600 healthy human controls negative for anti-HIV-1 antibodies by serum ELISA, were eligible for this study. OMT samples were collected from these subjects and subjected to a rapid test for anti-HIV-1 antibodies. The factors influencing the performance of the rapid test were analyzed. Results Of the 200 OMT specimens from HIV-infected patients, 198 showed positive reaction, 2 showed negative reaction. Among the 198 positive reactions, 192 (96%) were "clear" and easy to make decisions, 4 (2%) were "faint", 2(1%) were "very faint" and required professionals to make decisions. The rapid test was negative in all the 600 OMT specimens from the control group. Conclusions The consistence in the detection of anti-HIV-1 antibodies between the OMT rapid test and serum ELISA was 99% in HIV-positive specimens, 100% in HIV-negative specimens, and 99.75% in all the specimens.

Objective To detect the feasibility and safety of applying all-seeing needle in transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy.Methods Retrospective analysis was made with clinical data of 32 patients of hemospermia treated with transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy using all-seeing needle from March 2016 to January 2018.The patients'age was (38.8 ± 8.7) years (27-60 years) and the course of disease was (7.1 ±3.3) months (2-15 months).Ultrasound before operation showed heterogeneous echo,or expansion of the seminal vesicle.MRI showed hemorrhage of the seminal vesicle,or abnormal signal of the seminal vesicle.Patients had levofloxacin or mosisasin anti-infection therapy more than one month and remained uncovered.The operation was performed under subarachnoid anesthesia,and the patients took the lithotomy position.The F4.8 all-seeing needle entered the posterior urethra,the verumontanum was found,and the saline was slowly pushed with a syringe to maintain a clear view.Then,the ejaculatory duct opening was searched on both sides of the verumontanum.If the ejaculatory duct opening cannot be found in the normal position,we entered the needle into the prostatic utricle to find the possible ectopic opening.If the ejaculatory duct opening was still not found,at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions in the prostatic utricle,the needle was probed and punctured into the side wall of the ejaculatory duct.Visible puncture with all-seeing needle can effectively avoid penetrating blood vessels and reduce damage to tissues during puncture.In this study,the ejaculatory duct opening got accessed on the verumontanum in 14 cases,through ectopic openings within the prostatic utricle in 2 cases,and through artificial establishment in 5 and 7 o'clock positions within prostatic utricle in 16 cases.After entering the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle,we explored the cavities of the seminal vesicles.For stones or polyps,after replacing the outer sheath to F8,F1.9 stone retrieval basket was applied to remove stones or polyps,followed by rinsing the seminal vesicles with normal saline,0.02％ nitrofurazone,and then 160,000 units of gentamicin into each seminal vesicle.For hemorrhage,after clearing up the blood,seminal vesicles were also washed with normal saline,nitrofurazone,and perfused with gentamicin.In the operation,prostatic utricle stone was found in 5 cases,and seminal vesicle stone was found in 7 cases.One case of seminal vesicle polyp was observed,and in 19 cases,seminal vesicle hemorrhage was seen.Results All the operations were accomplished successfully,the operation time was (55.0 ± 11.3) min (35-82 min).There was no rectal injury or urethral injury during operation.The postoperative catheter was removed at 2 days postoperatively and the patients discharged on the 4th day after surgery.The length of hospital stay was (6.3 ± 0.7) days (5-7 days).One patient had mild hematuria after removal of the urethral catheter and got improved spontaneously;one case developed epididymitis,which improved after anti-infective treatment.6 cases made stone analysis,with 5 cases of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate,and 1 case of calcium oxalate dihydrate,calcium oxalate monohydrate and carbonate apatite mixed stones.One case of polyp was diagnosed by pathologists to be an inflammatory polyp.Follow-up was performed at 4,6,8,and 12 weeks after surgery.Hemospermia was cured in 24 cases,relieved in the other 8 cases at 8-week follow-up,who received oral antibiotic treatment afterwards.At the 12-week follow-up,the rest 6 cases in 8 got hemospermia recovered,with 2 cases still uncovered.Conclusions All-seeing needle is user-friendly and safe in transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy,with reliable short-term efficacy.

This article reviewed the application status of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) fever, pain, AIDS related diarrhea, anxiety and depression. TCM dialectic nursing and cupping had good effects on dropping in temperature for AIDS fever; ear acupoint pressure could ease the AIDS pain; moxibustion could improve AIDS related diarrhea with weakness of the spleen and stomach and reduce the healing time;TCM emotional nursing could relieve anxiety and depression of AIDS patients. Overall, the application of TCM nursing in AIDS symptom management is less and study quality is still need to be improved.

Objective To investigate the impact of spermidine on proliferation and apoptosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)cell lines.Methods The impact of spermidine on cellular growth was assessed using a CCK-8 assay.Flow cytometry was employed to investigate the effects of spermidine on the proliferation and cell cycle dynamics of DLBCL cell lines,as well as to evaluate its influence on apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines,mouse splenocytes,and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)derived from healthy individuals.Western blot analysis was conducted to examine alterations in protein expression levels associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle following treatment with spermidine.Results The CCK-8 assay revealed a significant inhibitory effect of spermidine on DLBCL cell growth(P<0.001).Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that spermidine had no impact on the proliferation or cell cycle of DLBCL cells,but significantly induced apoptosis(P<0.001).Spermidine exhibited a pro-apoptotic effect on mouse splenocytes(P<0.01),albeit weaker compared to its effect on DLBCL cells(P<0.001),and showed no significant pro-apoptotic effect on PBMCs.Western blot results indicated that spermidine did not influence the expression levels of cell cycle proteins CDK2 and CDK4,but enhanced the activation of Caspase-9 in A20 cells and Caspase-8 in OCI-Ly3 cells.Conclusion Spermidine induces apoptosis and suppresses cell growth in DLBCL cell lines,while exhibiting diminished or absent pro-apoptotic effects on mouse splenocytes and healthy human PBMCs,suggesting its potential as a specific inhibitor for the growth of DLBCL cell lines in vivo.

Objective To study the current situation of fast-track surgery nursing in the department of urology,in order to provide theory basis for nursing clinical research and practice in the development of urology in the future.Methods The data were collected from American PubMed database,domestic Wanfang database and CNKI from May to August 2016. The bibliometric analysis was used to analyze all collected research literatures about fast-track surgery nursing in the department of urology according to country,year,disease classification,publication and so on.Results From January 1st,1995 to August 17th,2016,a total of 96 research articles about fast-track surgery nursing in the department of urology were collected from the databases of PubMed,Wanfang and CNKI. There were 73 Chinese articles,accounting for 76.04%. The research themes were kidney disease (41.67%),bladder disease (35.42%) and prostate disease (14.58%). The postoperative fast-track surgery of urinary system tumor accounted for 65% in the domestic and foreign research.Conclusions The fast-track surgery of kidney and bladder diseases is the hotspot of study. The renal tumor radical operation and the urinary bladder carcinoma radical operation with urinary diversion are hot research directions of fast-track surgery. Randomized control method used in clinical patients is the main research method for the application of fast-track surgery concept.