n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n -3 PUFAs),essential fatty acids for human body,have varied biological activities.They are absolutely or relatively deficient in modern human diets.Supplementation of n -3 PUFAs in early life is important for the optimal growth and development in fetus,infants and children,and well as for prevention of chronic non -communicable diseases in later life,such as attention deficient hyperactivity disorder,allergic diseases, asthma,hyperlipidemia and non -alcoholic fatty liver disease.The human body can synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)with linolenic acid,but the ability is limited.Therefore,intake of pre -formed EPA and DHA is needed for body requirement.For pregnant women and infants,supplementation of DHA and EPA with a ratio above 51 is suggested.In clinic,n -3 PUFAs have been applied for treatment of chronic non -com-municable diseases and proved to be beneficial in relief of symptoms.

Objective To explore the role of fibrogenic cytokines and inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of frozen shoulder. Methods From September, 2014 to April, 2016, 20 patients with frozen shoulder accepted arthroscopic surgery were included, ten of them were diagnosed as primary frozen shoulder (group A), the other ten were secondary frozen shoulder (group B). Other ten patients undergo-ing shoulder arthroscopy for instability (4 cases), rotator cuff injury (3 cases) and subacromial impingement (3 cases) were as the controls (group C). The mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, MMP3, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and M-CSF in synovium were analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results The expression of mRNA of MMP1, MMP3, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF and M-CSF were more in group A and group B than in group C (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between group A and group B (P>0.05). Conclusion The fibro-genic cytokines and inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of frozen shoulder.

Objective To evaluate CT scanning in diagnosing pancreatic lymphoma.Methods CT findings in 6 patients with pathologically-proved pancreatic lymphoma were retrospectively analyzed.Results There was no characteristic in findings of pancreatic lymphoma. The main findings were diffusely enlarged masses in the head and body of pancreatic. The masses were composed of irregular lesions in pancreatic, porta hepatis and retroperitoneal space.Conclusion CT can show pancreatic lymphoma lesions and enlarged lymph nodes in abdominal cavity or retroperitoneum are accompanied as well as, and can find the in jury of other object.

Objective To summarize the imaging features of intra-pancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS)with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and improve the awareness and correct diagnosis of IPAS.Methods MDCT images of seven consecutive patients with surgically and pathologically confirmed IPAS were reviewed retrospectively.The investigated features included the location,size,shape,margin,density,and enhancement of the lesions.Results Four patients were male and three were female with a mean age of 49 years old.All the lesions were located at the dorsal side of parenchyma under the capsule of pancreatic tail.Three lesions were in round-like shape,and 4 in oval shape and all were well-defined.All the lesions were mass-like without necrosis and calcification.The maximum diameter of lesion ranged from 0.9 ～ 1.8 cm with a mean value of 1.4 cm.Compared with pancreatic parenchyma,the density of lesions were homogeneous on unenhanced CT,in arterial phase,slightly increased heterogeneous density was observed in 3 patients,slightly increased homogeneous density was observed in 4 patients.All the lesions appeared as slightly increased homogeneous density in portal phase.The CT value in unenhanced phase ranged from 50 ～ 61 Hu with a mean number of 55 Hu; and it ranged from 80 ～ 110 Hu with a mean number of 97 Hu in arterial phase; and the corresponding value was from 99 ～ 120 Hu with a mean number of 102 Hu in portal phase.Among the three patients underwent MDCT angiography,neither artery nor vein was compressed or invaded,and there was no vessel connected with lesions.Conclusions IPAS has some MDCT characteristics.For small solid mass in pancreatic tail,if the density and enhancement pattern is similar to that of spleen,the diagnosis of IPAS should be considered.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of scavenger receptor A on the catabolism of lipid emulsions and further to see if it differently affects long-chain triglyceride (LCT) and fish oil (FO) emulsions. MethodsA total of 24 C57BL/6J female mice, 10 to 12 weeks old, were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 mice in each group. Two groups of mice were intravenously injected with dextran sulfate ( DexSO4 ) ( 1 mg/mouse) followed by intravenous injection of [1α, 2α(n)-3H] cholesteryl oleoyl ether [(3H)CEt] labelled LCT or FO emulsions (0.4mg triglycerde/mouse) at 2 minutes respectively, and other two groups were injected by saline as controls before injection of (3H)CEt labelled LCT and FO emulsions. Then, blood was drawn at fixed intervals to measure the radioactivities and the emulsion's fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were calculated. With the same procedures above mentioned, non-radiolabelled LCT and FO emulsions were intravenously injected to mice to determine liver uptake of lipid emulsions under electromicroscopy. Finally, THP1 cell line was used to examine the effects of DexSO4 on cell uptake of LCT and FO emulsions in vitro. ResultsPre-injection of DexSO4 to mice decreased the FCR of both LCT and FO emulsions at 72.38％ and 47.38％ respectively, as compared to controls ( P =0.020 ). Electromicroscopy showed that pre-injection of DexS04 decreased the uptakes of LCT and FO emulsions by Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells similarly. In hepatocytes, no lipid droplets existed in mice with LCT emulsion injection, whereas some lipid droplets were still shown in mice with FO emulsions but with less quantities compared to control mice.In vitro, addition of DexSO4 to medium decreased THP1 cell uptakes of LCT and FO emulsions ( P =0.003 and 0.008) by 30.74％ and 41.60％ respectively. However, no differences were found in the effects of DexS04 on cell uptakes between LCT and FO emulsions ( P =0.080). ConclusionScavenger receptor A plays important roles in catabolism of lipid emulsions to some extent, and it's effects on FO emulsions may be less than LCT emulsions.

Objective To retrospectively analyze imaging features of multi-slica computed tomography (MSCT) and clinical characteristics of male patients with pancreas solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) and compare with that of female patients.Methods From November 2000 to October 2012,clinical data of 18 male patients and 94 female patients underwent MSCT examination and pathological diagnosed as SPT were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical characteristics and imaging features of MSCT of male and female patients with SPT were analyzed,which included lesion location,size,shape,encapsulation,calcification,internal composition,density and enhancement pattern of tumors.Rank sum test or x2 test was performed for statistical analysis.Results The median age of male patients with SPT was significantly older than that of female patients (39.0 (15.0,67.0) years vs 27.5 (11.0,63.0) years; U=2.865,P =0.005).There were no significant differences in clinical manifestation,lesion location and composition ratio of benign and malignant tumors between male and female patients with SPT (all P＞0.05).Imaging of MSCT indicated that the median maximum tumor diameter of male patients with SPT was significantly shorter than that of female patients (5.1 (1.0,11.6) cm vs 7.9 (2.5,18.7) cm; U=3.161,P=0.002).Solid tumors were more common in male patients compared with female patients (9/18 vs 5.3％ (5/94) ; x2 =30.606,P＜0.01).Conclusions The imaging features of male patients with SPT are different with those of females.For pancreas lesion in males,if imaging of MSCT shows more solid composition,small lesion and with typical enhancement patterns of SPT,the possibility of SPT should be considered.

Objective To discuss the application of spectral CT imaging in evaluating the early therapeutic response of 125I seed interstitial brachytherapy for pancreatic carcinoma in experimental nude mice.Methods BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cell xenografts were subcutaneously inoculated at the dorsal part of the limbs in 16 BABL/c nude mice. When the tumor developed to the size of 1-1.5 cm, the tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into the study group (n=8,receiving implantation of 125I seeds of 1.0 mCi) and the control group (n=8,receiving implantation of ghost shell particles of 0 mCi). Two weeks after the procedure, plain spectral CT scan as well as enhanced multiphase (10 s, 25 s and 60 s) spectral CT scan were performed to obtain multi-phasic image series. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and iodine concentration (IC) inside the lesions were determined, and the normalized iodine concentrations (nIC) of tumor were thus obtained. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor was used to measure microvessel density (MVD) within the tumor;the correlation between nIC and MVD was analyzed. Results The lesion's nICs measured on each of three phases (10 s,25 s and 60 s) in the study group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). MVD count in the study group was lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=5.957,P<0.01). A parallel linear correlation existed between nIC obtained from each phase of three phases and MVD count (r=0.63,P<0.000 1;r=0.51,P=0.002;and r=0.48,P=0.001 7 for 10 s, 25 s and 60 s phases respectively). Conclusion Spectral CT imaging is an effective method for evaluating the therapeutic effect of 125I seed interstitial brachytherapy for pancreatic carcinoma of experimental mice.

Objective The study the multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) characteristics of gastric glomus tumor. Methods The clinical data of 8 patients with gastric glomus tumor were retrospectively analyzed, and the MSCT characteristics were observed. Results Among 8 patients, 3 cases were male and 5 cases were female, and the age was 25-67 years. The diameter of lesions were 1.3-3.5 cm, and lesions situated in the antrum of the stomach. Gastric glomus tumor showed strong enhancement in the arterial phase, and prolonged enhancement during multiphasic scans. Conclusions Gastric glomus tumor has some characteristics in MSCT. The prolonged enhancement during multiphasic scans of the subepithelial lesion should be suspected of the gastric glomus tumor.

Objective To explore the efficacy of arthroscopic treatment for acute avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) using double titanium plate TightRope. Methods From December 2014 to January 2015, two cases with acute avulsion fracture of PCL were treated with double titanium plate TightRope under arthroscopy, after assessment of three dimensional reconstructive CT and MRI. Rehabili-tation was carried out after operation. Results One case succeeded with double titanium plate TightRope, and rehabilitation could be per-formed early postoperatively. Another case failed in TightRope fixation, and accepted two internal hollow screws fixation instead. Rehabili-tation was delayed until two weeks postoperatively. The function of the knee was satisfactory in the former patient after three months, who could extend the knee in a normal range, without pain or locking. The same effect was gained in the latter patient after four months. Conclu-sion For acute tibial avulsion fracture of PCL with larger and intact fragment without osteoporosis, arthroscopic restoration and fixation with double titanium plate TightRope offers the opportunity to achieve anatomic reconstruction and rigid fixation for early rehabilitation in adult patients.

Objective To analyze histomorphometrical characteristics of bone and bone marrow tissue in the vertebral lamina of patients with osteofluorosis, and to explore the influencing factors on signal intensity in MRI. Methods Spinal MRI of 109 patients (57 men, 52 women;age range 32-80 years;mean age 52 years) with osteofluorosis from December 2001 to May 2012 was analyzed retrospectively, including 48 patients in cervical segment, 31 in thoracic segment and 30 in lumbar segment. 36 pa?tients (16 men, 20 women;mean age 51 years;age range 34-68 years) had undergone laminectomy and the vertebral lamina speci?mens were collected. The cervical MRI of 48 patients with matching gender and age (26 men, 22 women;mean age 51 years, age range 34-71 years) was selected as control group, who were from areas where fluorosis is not endemic. All patients were divided in?to vertebra low, medium and high signal groups according to T1WI of MRI. The vertebra signal to noise ratio measure and stan?dardization of signal intensity were performed. Osteosclerosis, osteoporosis and normal bone were differentiated under spinal X?ray plain film. Combined with histomorphometric analysis of vertebra lamina in 36 patients, correlation between MRI signal intensity, histomorphometric parameters of the vertebra lamina and influencing factors on signal intensity were studied. Results 77 pa?tients (70.6%, 77/109) had osteosclerosis indicated by appearance of spine under X?ray, 29 (26.6%, 29/109) osteoporosis and 3 (2.8%, 3/109) normal bone. T1WI of MRI showed 25 cases had low signal vertebra, 52 medium signal and 32 high signal. The ver? tebra SNR in patients with osteofluorosis was lower on T1WI, T2WI and short time inversion recovery (STIR) sequences, compared with control group. Those with a low versus high signal on T1WI had 6.04 times the odds of osteosclerosis (OR=6.04, 95%CI 2.44-14.91, P<0.001). Histomorphometry of vertebral lamina in 36 patients with osteofluorosis was performed, revealing that not only the trabecular bone volume had changed, but also did the adipocyte volume and hemopoietic cell volume in the bone marrow tis?sues. Compared with normal reference values, trabecular bone volume was significantly increased (47.7%± 13.3% vs. 14.7%± 4.3%) (P<0.001);adipocyte volume was significantly decreased (12.3%±9.1%vs. 50.5%±8.7%);hematopoietic cell volume was decreased (40.0%±7.0%vs. 42.5%±8.5%) (P=0.038). There were inverse associations between trabecular bone volume and adipo?cyte volume (r=-0.869, P<0.001), and between trabecular bone volume and T1WI (r=-0.851, P<0.001) found by Pearson correla?tion test. In contrast, there were positive associations between T1WI and adipocyte volume (r=0.927, P<0.001). Conclusion The vertebra T1WI signal intensity is decreased in patients with osteofluorosis, resulting from increase of trabecular bone volume and re?duction of adipocyte volume. The vertebra STIR signal intensity is decreased, mainly caused by increase of trabecular bone volume.