Object to define defects of drug accurately and to initially discuss its law responsibility. Method With comparative study and system thinking,we acquired few scientific recognition of drug’s defects. Result & Conclusion Defects of drug are not equal to negative drug reaction. The former one should be an unreasonable and potential risk which induces no expectant therapeutic efficacy to provide. And its law responsibility could be no-fault liability accompanied by state compensation.

Objective To improve the hospital's capability for controlling the quality and expenses of disease categories so as to reduce unnecessary consumption of medical resources while ensuring medical quality. Methods All inpatient cases in the hospital were classified according to disease categories,reference criteria for the quality and expenses of all disease categories were formulated,feedback and analysis systems and assessment systems for the quality of disease categories were improved,and evaluation of the care quality and work performance by departments or physicians was conducted.Results The departments' awareness of the quality and expenses of disease categories was enhanced,the rate of good-quality cases rose from 80.01% to 86.22%,and the proportion of drug expenses dropped to 40.32%.Conclusion Classified management of cases of disease categories plays a key role in improving a hospital's managerial level,enhancing its medical efficiency,reducing its medical costs,and standardizing its medical behavior.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Glutamic Acid ; physiology ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; Neurons ; cytology ; physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Animals ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; Child, Preschool ; Diaphragm ; blood supply ; Hemothorax ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Nematode Infections ; pathology ; Pleural Effusion ; etiology

delineated individually based on CT or MRI to guarantee their coverage in radiotherapy.

Objective To compare the dose distribution of the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)and 5-field or 7-field intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), and to explore the value of IMRT in preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer.Methods Ten rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. 3D-CRT plan and the 5.field or 7-field IMRT plans were performed for each patient.The conformal index (CI),heterogeneity index(HI)of the planning target volume(PTV)and the dose of normal organs of 3D-CRT plan(3D-CRTp)and the 5-field or 7-field IMRT plans(IMRT5fp or IMRT7fp)were analyzed with the dose-volume histogram.Results The CI values of PTV were 0.91,0.87 and 0.78 in IMRT7fpIMRT5fp and 3D- CRT but with IMRT7fp>IMRT5fp>3D-CRTp(t=-5.69、-8.91,P<0.01),respectively.The HI values of PrV were 1.09,1.08 and 1.05 in IMRT5fp,IMRT7fp and 3D- CRTp but with IMRT5fp >IMRT7fp>3D- CRTp(t=3.41、-6.89,P<0.01),respectively.The ratio of dose volume were 0.08,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.79、3.52,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the small intestine V50,with 0.07,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.58、3.40,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D-CRTp on the bladder V50 and 0.01,0.01 and 0.05(t=3.00、3.17,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the fomoral head V45.The ratio of dose volume were 0.31 and 0.38(t=3.91,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on the bone marrow V50,with 0.07 and 0.10 in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on bladder V45.Conclusions IMRT plan is superior to 3 D- CRT plan in dose conformal degrees of PTV with preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer and can significantly protect the normal tissues.The 7-field IMRT plan might be the optimal plan for dose conformal degree and dose uniformity compared with 5-field IMRT.

The higher medical education in China starts late and needs further exploration and improvement.While in Germany,it is elite education with a long history.Compared with China,in curriculum setting,Sociology,Medical health security,Humanities and Social Sciences and Organ system classification courses are more emphasized,and in terms of degree,it only has Doctor degree but with higher quality in Germany.Higher medical education in China will also take the path of the elite education.We can learn from the German medical education development experience and pay attention to solving the lack of the curriculum by supplementing social medicine and medical health security,increase the autonomy of the instructors in the training process,strengthen the medical students' social responsibility,and improve the quality of higher medical education in China.

Objective By simulating the intermittent hypoxia(IH ) environment of human obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) ,to reveal the effect of IH on migratory ability of human peripheral blood derived dendritic cells(DCs) ,and through the in‐tervention of RelB ,p38 expression in order to explore the possible mechanism of the change of DCs migration ability induced by IH . Methods DCs were divided into RelB ,p38 siRNA interfering and non interfering plasmid group before cultivation .The environment of hypoxia was created by a intermittent hypoxia cabin ,among them ,oxygen concentration was 0 .5% ,1 .5% ,5 .0% ,10 .0% ,hypox‐ia/reoxygenation time ratio was set as 1∶1 ,1∶3 ,1∶5 and 1∶9 ,while sustained oxygen was supplied to the contrast at a normal concentration of 21 .0% .The content of RelB and p38 was tested by Western blotting after culture in vitro ,migration ability of DCs was detected by invasion chamber .Results Compared with normoxia ,DCs under IH tended to have declined migratory ability , which was confirmed to be correlated with the average oxygen partial pressure level under IH .IH could promote the expression of RelB and p38 in DCs ,while the migratory ability of DCs was not reversed after intervening the expression of RelB and p38 .Conclu‐sion IH in vitro could cause a decline in migratory ability of DCs ,which may not be induced by activation of RelB or p38 in DCs .

0.05).The cerebral infarcted area in SHR were significantly greater than that in SD rats [(42.6?5.6)% vs(29.5?6.7)%,P

Objective To compare the short-term effect of laparoscopic surgery with open surgery for gastrointesti﹣nal stromal tumor. Methods 26 patients, whose tumor were localized and the pathologic diagnosis were gastrointesti﹣nal stromal tumor in stomach after surgery, were randomly divided into laparoscopic surgery group (n=12) and open surgery group (n= 14). The age and gender level, disease duration, clinical symptom, tumor location, and the lesion diameter were similar between the two groups (P> 0.05). Surgery achievement, intraoperative blood loss, operative time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative flatus time, postoperative liquid time, and incidence rates of postoper﹣ative complications were compared between the two groups. Results All the patients get successful R0 resection. The volume of intraoperative blood loss, operative time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative flatus time, and postop﹣erative liquid time in laparoscopic surgery group were lower than open surgery group (P< 0.05). There was no sig﹣nificant difference in the incidence rate of postoperative complications between the two groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion Compared with open surgery, the short-term effect of laparoscopic surgery were better for patients whose gastrointestinal stromal tumor in stomach were localized, and it is worth of promoting clinical application.