According to the synonymous codons used in 28 open reading frames from Pichia pastoris, the codon usage in this species was calculated and 19 codons have been inferred to be its optimal codons. The results show that pattern of the codon usage in P. pastoris is similar to that in S. cerevisiae and in K. lactis except for the synonymous codon of glutamic acid, which may be the special bias of P. pastoris.

Cardiac Catheterization ; standards ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; therapy ; Humans

Objective To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different puncture positions in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Methods Three hundred fifty-six patients who underwent PCNL were analyzed from March 2012 to October 2015. The passage caliber was 16F-20F. There were 217 cases in prone position and 139 cases in supine position. Results The successful operation in PCNL was 354 cases , while the remaining 2 cases were performed by open surgery. The primary stone clearance rate was 75.5%. The additional PCNLs were performed in 23 cases, and 63 cases of residual calculi were treated by ESWL. 11 patients were treated due to infection or bleeding by the additional PCNLs. There were 3 cases with massive hemorrhage which were treated by Interventional embolization therapy , 12 cases in postoperative fever , no renal resection , no intestinal injury, no deaths. There was no significant difference in stone clearance rate and complication rate between the two groups. Conclusion The puncture position of PCNL can be optional based on the stone size , stone location, degree of hydronephrosis ,and patient′s cardiopulmonary condition individually.

Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Water

Objective To evaluate the factors influencing the reproducibility and validity of food group intakes measured by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Chinese men. Methods A total of 214 adult men were randomly selected from the Shanghai Men Health Study (SMHS), an ongoing cohort study conducted in urban Shanghai. Each subject who had completed the first FFQ survey at recruitment took 24-hour dietary recall (24-HDR) surveys which were conducted once a month for 12 consecutive months and a second FFQ at the end of the study. Two FFQs were administered approximately 1.2 years apart. The food items listed in FFQ and obtained from 24-HDR were categorized into 11 food groups. The factors influencing the reproducibility of the FFQ was assessed by comparing the Pearson correlation of intake levels from the two FFQs, while the factors influencing the validity was evaluated by comparing intake levels from the second FFQ with the multiple 24-HDRs. Results A total of 195 men completed all 12 times of 24-HDR and twice FFQ surveys. The median Pearson correlation coefficients of the food groups between the two FFQs in older vs younger age group were 0.62 vs 0.50;in higher vs lower education level group were 0.58 vs 0.50;in higher vs lower income group were 0.51 vs 0.50;in higher vs lower BMI group were 0.50 vs 0.49. The median Pearson correlation coefficients of the food groups between the second FFQ and 24-HDRs in older vs younger age group were 0.61 vs 0.45;in higher vs lower education level group were 0.49 vs 0.47;in higher vs lower income group were 0.43 vs 0.57;in higher vs lower BMI group were 0.48 vs 0.51. Conclusions Age is the main factor influencing the reproducibility of the food group intakes by a FFQ used in the SMHS, while the factors influencing the validity are age and family income.

Objective To observe the influences of stemona alkaloids on esterase isozymes activities and glycogen content of Oncomelania hupensis in order to explore the molluscicidal mechanism of stemona alkaloids.Methods O.hupensis snails were immersed in the liquid of stemona alkaloids at the concentration of 6.5 mg/L(72 h LC50),the surviving ones were picked out and sampled after being immersed for 12,24,48,72,96 h,then PAGE and anthrone colorimetry methods were used to observe the changes of liver esterase isozymes activities and tissue glycogen content of O.hupensis during the immersion period.A group of snails immersed in de-chlorinous water served as control.Results Esterase isozymes activities firstly increased,and then decreased until almost lost completely during the 96 h immersion period.Meanwhile,glycogen content gradually decreased as the immersion time extended.After being immersed for 96 h,glycogen content decreased by 72.00% compared with the control group.Conclusion Stemona alkaloids could inhibit the viability of O.hupensis by causing decrease of esterase isozymes activities and glycogen content.

Objective To investigate the state of Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and its role in the pathogenesis. Methods Plasma level of interleukin-18 and interleukin-13 in 18 patients with active LN and 16 normal controls were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay (ELISA). IL-18 and IL-13 expression in the renal tissues from 18 patients and 6 normal renal tissues were also detected by immunohistochemical assay. The ratio of plasma and renal IL-18/IL-13 was then calculated. Results Plasma levels and renal expression of IL-13 and IL-18 in patients with LN were increased significantly compared to those of normal controls (P0.05). The ratio of renal IL-18/IL-13 was not significantly different among all types of LN and normal controls. The ratio of plasma IL-18/IL-13 was positively correlated with LN renal tissue activity index (AI), but no correlationship could be found in renal IL-18/IL-13 ratio. Conclusion It seems that the immune disturbance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can not be simply divided into Th1 predominant and Th2 predominant. It seems far complicated than this Th1/Th2 paradigm. It may be affected by the state of disease activity, the lesion location and the type of pathology.

Purpose Brain complications severely threaten the treatment and survival of children with leukemia. This paper aims to investigate the MRI manifestations and differences of brain complications in leukemia before and after chemotherapy for a clinical guidance.Materials and Methods The clinical data and MRI findings of 37 children with leukemia and brain complications were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-four of them underwent MRI scan twice or more, among whom 28 received contrast-enhanced MRI scan.Results Twenty-two patients were discovered with brain complications before chemotherapy, 2 of whom were with two kinds of complications. Meningopathy was found in 7 patients who showed widespread or localized meningeal thickening. Among them, 5 patients'' lesions reduced or disappeared after chemotherapy. Intracerebral multiple small and micro bleed was found in these 7 patients, 2 of them combined with hematoma. Three patients were found with intracranial tumor which all proved to be temporal bone tumor, 1 of whom combined with temporal lobe tumor and 1 had tumor disappeared after chemotherapy. The other complications before chemotherapy included leukoencephalopathy (n=2), subdural collection of fluid (n=2), meninges and parenchymal infiltration of leukemia (n=1), fungal infection (n=1) and cerebral infarction (n=1). On the contrary, 17 patients were discovered with brain complications after chemotherapy, 8 of whom were with two or more complications. Two patients had different kinds of complications before and after chemotherapy. Brain atrophy was observed in 13 patients. Leukoenphalopathy was found in 9 patients who presented high signal in white matter of double periventricular and/or semi-oval center on T2WI; the lesions of 4 patients were reduced or disappeared after withdrawal. Infectious diseases were diagnosed in 3 patients, including viral encephalitis in 2 cases, tuberculous meningitis combined with tuberculoma in 1 case. The other complications included intracranial tumor (n=2), sinus thrombosis (n=1), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (n=1) after chemotherapy. Conclusion The MRI findings of brain complications in childhood leukemia are various and demonstrate significantly different features before and after chemotherapy. The major complications before treatment include meningopathy and intra-cerebral hemorrhage;while after chemotherapy the main complications are brain atrophy, leukoencephalopathy and infectious diseases. MRI proves to be a valuable method to detect, observe and follow up these complications.

Animals ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; drug therapy ; Drug Design ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Inflammation ; drug therapy