Objective:To investigate the protection mechanism of adenosine A1 receptor agonist(2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CCPA)delayed preconditioning for rabbit myocardium during ischemia reperfusion.Methods:Thirty New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly assigned to Sham group,I/R group and CCPA group,with ten in each.Group CCPA was given CCPA 0.1 mg/kg before myocardial ischemia.Twenty-four hours later the I/R and CCPA underwent 40 min of coronary occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion.Blood samples were taken from arterial line at 20 min before occlusion(T)1,20 min after occlusion(T2),40 min after occlusion(T)3,1 h after reperfusion(T)4and 2 h after reperfusion(T)5for determination of the plasma levels of IL-10.At the end of the reperfusion,infarct size(IS)and area at risk(AAR)were defined by Evans blue and TTC staining.The heart was harvested and levels of the HSP70 were determined by Western blot analysis,and ultrastructures were observed under the electron microscopy.Results:The IL-10 and HSP70 levels of group CCPA was higher than those of group I/R.The CCPA(P

Objective To analyze and evaluate the safety and efficacy of modified Pie-crusting ( PC) technique for releasing medial tightness during primary total knee arthroplasty ( TKA) . Methods We completed primary TKA by the same performer with modified PC technique in 30 patients (34 knees) with genu varus from March 2014 to June 2016.By using a special curved scalpel with width limit of 3 mm and depth limit of 5 mm to poke the tension parts , we released the anterion bondle of superficial medial collateral ligament ( sMCL) and posteromedial corner structures ( PMCS) during tension happened in extension , and we released the posterior bondle of sMCL during tension happened in flexion .According to the gap value measured intraoperatively , we divided these cases into three groups: extension with flexion tension group ( 10 knees ) , extension tension group ( 13 knees ) , and flexion tension group (11 knees).The difference between medial and lateral gap value no more than 1 mm was defined as gap balance.We calculated the gap balance rate of each group .Series of weighted frontal X-ray were conducted at fixed period to evaluate the varus angle of the knee postoperatively.The range of motion (ROM), HSS scores and WOMAC scores were also recorded at the same time . Results Among the 34 knees , 31 knees reached the medial and lateral gap balance at both extension and flexion .There was a difference of 2 mm in medial and lateral gap value at extension in 1 knee and the same difference at flexion in the other 2 knees.The total postoperative gap balance rate was 91.2%( 31/34 ).The constrained inserts were implanted in 3 cases.No technical-related complications happened after the surgery.After the releasing procedure, the flexion gap value had an increase of 1 mm (range, 1-3mm) in the extension tension group , and the extension gap value had an increase of 1 mm ( range, 1-2 mm) in the flexion tension group, without significant difference (Z=-1.118, P=0.264).The ROM was 83.3°±14.7°preoperatively and 100.7°±14.2° postoperatively (t=-7.714, P=0.000).The median alignment of the knee was 11.5°(range, 7°-32°) preoperatively and 1° (range, 0°-4°) postoperatively (Z=-5.092,P=0.000).The HSS scores were (42.7 ±16.3) points preoperatively and (88.1 ± 9.9) points postoperatively (t=-21.868, P=0.000).The WOMAC scores were (76.2 ±8.2) points preoperatively and (11.4 ± 9.7) points postoperatively (t=31.726, P=0.000).All of them were significantly improved in comparison with those before the surgery. Conclusions Using modified PC technique is safe and effective in medial releasing during primary TKA .Both extension and flexion gap value will be affected by releasing tensed fiber at extension or flexion position .

Objective To review 2006-2007 AIDS response in China by applying the indicators of "Monitoring & Evaluation Plan of AIDS Response". Method Data from the national AIDS routine reporting system and special survey in line with the definitions of the indicators and standardized methods were summarized,classified and analyzed; mid-term targets or indicator value of 2005 were employed as comparison. Results The 2007 result of the national HIV sentinel surveillance showed that the HIV prevalence among female sex workers,injecting drug users,men who have sex with men and pregnant women was 0.0%,1.9%,3.1% and 0.0% respectively;the data from the national HIV comprehensive response information system showed that by the end of 2007,72.8% of the adults and children with advanced HIV infection had received antiretroviral therapy (ART) ,and 83.6% of the ART receivers survived after 12 month treatment. Conclusion Indicators of the "Monitoring & Evaluation Plan" are able to reflect the outcomes and achievements of 2006-2007 HIV/AIDS response in China,which has made good progress and has fulfilled the mid-term targets as defined by the Plan.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of adenosine A1 receptor agonist (2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CCPA) delayed preconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfu-sion injury and the potential mechanism in rabbits. Methods Thirty New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly assigned to 3 groups:a control group, an I/R group, and a CCPA group. CCPA group was given CCPA 0.1 mg/kg before the myocardial ischemia. Twenty-four hours later I/R group and CCPA group underwent 40 min of coronary occlusion followed reperfusion for 2 h. At the end of the reperfusion, blood samples were taken from the arterial line for determining the plasma level of malondialdhyde and superoxide dismutase activity. The infarct size and area at risk were de-fined by Evans and TIC staining. The heart was harvested and levels of metallothionein (MT) were determined by Western blot, and ultrastructures were observed under the electron microscope. Results The MT level of CCPA group was significantly higher than that of the I/R group (P<0.05). CCPA significantly reduced the infarct size (22.1%±3.8% in the CCPA group) of the left yen-tricular area at risk as compared with the control (41.8%±4.3% in the I/R group,P<0.05). The injury of I/R group was worse than that of the CCPA group under the light microscope. CCPA group had higher superoxide dismutase and lower malondialdhyde than those of the I/R group. Con-clusion CCPA can increase the level of metallothionein during ischemia-reperfusion, which may be part of the molecular mechanism of CCPA delayed preconditioning on cardioprotection.

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on the myocardial oxidative stress injury in patients undergoing heart valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) . Methods Thirty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ and NYHA class Ⅱ or ID patients, aged 30-59 yr, weighing 42-62 kg, scheduled for cardiac valve replacement with CPB, were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n = 15 each) : control group (group C) and sevoflurane postconditioning group (group S) . Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of midazolam 0.05-0.08 mg/kg, fentanyl 3-6 μg/kg, vecuronium 0.10-0.15 mg/kg and etomidate 0.1-0.2 mg/kg. The patients were tracheal intu- bated and mechanically ventilated. Anesthesia was maintained with intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl and midazolam and continuous infusion of atracurium and propofol. In group S, 2% sevoflurane was given over 15 min via the cardiopulmonary bypass machine immediately after aortic unclamping. Blood samples from the internal jugular vein were collected immediately before skin incision (T1 ) and at 30 min, 3 h and 24 h after aortic unclamping (T2-4 ) for measurement of the plasma malondialdehyde level. Myocardial tissues were taken from the left auricle before operation and after termination of CPB for determination of α-glutathione-S-transferase expression by Western blot. Results The plasma malondialdehyde concentration was significantly lower at T2, 3, while a-glutathione-S-transferase expression in myocardial tissues higher after termination of CPB in group S than in group C ( P ＜ 0.05) . Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning can enhance the antioxidant capacity and attenuate the myocardial oxidative stress injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB, which may be helpful to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To investigate the role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in attenuation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by delayed preconditioning with sevoflurane in rats.Methods Eighty male SD rats, weighing 250-300 g, were randomly assigned into 5 groups ( n = 16 each): Ⅰsham operation group (group S), Ⅱ group I/R, Ⅲ sevoflurane delayed preconditioning group (group SP), Ⅳ the mPTP opener atractyloside + sevoflurane delayed preconditioning group (group A + SP), and Ⅴ atractyloside group (group A). Myocardial I/R was induced by ligation of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion in group I/R, SP, A + SP and A. In group SP and A + SP, 2.5%sevoflurane was inhaled for 1 h, while pure oxygen was inhaled for 1 h in the other groups, and then myocardial ischemia was performed 24 h later. In group A + SP and A, atractyloside 5 mg/kg was injected intravenously via caudal vein 15 min before ischemia. Blood samples were taken from carotid arteries for detection of serum cardiac troponin-Ⅰ (cTnI) concentrations at the end of reperfusion. Then the rats were sacrificed and hearts removed. The myocardial infarct size (IS) and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the myocardium were determined. Myocardial ultrastructure was examined with the electron microscope. Results Serum cTnI concentrations and Bax expression were significantly higher, the myocardial IS was significantly larger and Bcl-2 expression was significantly lower in the other groups than in group S ( P ＜ 0.05). Serum cTnI concentrations and Bax expression were significantly lower, the myocardial IS was significantly smaller and Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher in group SP than in group I/R ( P ＜ 0.05). Microscopic examination showed less damage in group SP than in group I/R. The protection provided by sevoflurane preconditioning was abolished by atractyloside. Conclusion Inhibition of mPTP opening can result in an up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and down-regulation of Bax expression, which plays a role in attenuation of myocardial I/R injury by delayed preconditioning with sevoflurane in rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of high temperature preconditioning on hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2)-induced expression of mitochondrial metallothionein (MT) in rat cardiomyocytes.Methods The rat cardiomyocytes H9C2 cultured in vitro were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =6 each):control group (group C) ;H2O2 group (group H2O2); high temperature preconditioning group (group HTP).The cells were continuously cultured for 3 h in group C.The cells were cultured for 3 h in serum-free DMEM liquid culture medium containing H2O2 0.5 mmol/L in an incubator filled with 5％ CO2 at 37 ℃ in group H2O2.In group HTP,the cells were cultured in serum-containing DMEM liquid culture medium,then placed in a warm bath of 42 ℃ for 1 h,cultured for 12 h in an incubator filled with 5％ CO2 at 37 ℃,DMEM liquid culture medium was then removed,and the other procedures were similar to those previously described in group H2 O2.Myocardial cell apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry.The apoptotic rate was calculated.The ultrastructure of myocardial mitochondria was examined with electron microscope.The expression of mitochondrial MT in cardiomyocytes was determined using Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the apoptotic rate was significantly increased,and the expression of mitochondrial MT was up-regulated in groups H2O2 and HTP (P ＜ 0.01).The apoptotic rate was significantly lower,and the expression of mitochondrial MT was higher in group HTP than in group H2O2 (P ＜ 0.01).The mitochondrial injury was attenuated in group HTP as compared with group H2 O2.Conclusion The mechanism by which high temperature preconditioning reduces H2 O2-induced myocardial damage may be related to up-regulation of expression of mitochondrial MT in cardiomyocytes and endogenous myocardium-protective mechanism in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To assure the safety and improve the efficiency of microwave digestion of vacant gelatin capsules. METHODS: Different digestion conditions were investigated by using microwave digestion system with temperature and pressure sensors to determine the optimal experimental method. RESULTS: Using high proportion of hydrogen peroxide in pre-digestion could moderate the increase of pressure in microwave digestion process and at the same time shorten time and improve the digestion efficiency. CONCLUSION: This method, which improves the experimental safety and applicability, is an effective way to solute the long pre-digestion time of the method of Ch. P(2010) and the burst with ordinary digestion tanks.

AIM: To explore the protective effect of phytosterol ester (PSE) on aortic aging in rats.ME-THODS: The female SD rats (12 months old, n=42) were randomly divided into control group, model group and PSE group.During the experiment, the rats in control group, model group and PSE group were treated with basic feed, high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD with 2% PSE (W/W) for 6 months, respectively.The morphological changes of the aorta were observed by HE staining and Masson staining, and the absolute area of smooth muscle cells and collagen fiber in the vascular wall were measured by image analysis.The levels of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the plasma were detected.The expression of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) at mRNA and protein levels in the vascular tissue was determined by real time PCR and Western blot, respectively.RESULTS: PSE significantly lowered plasma TC and LDL-C, and increased plasma HDL-C level (P<0.05), but had no effect on plasma TG level.PSE significantly attenuated the thickening of intima and media of aging aortic, and decreased the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the amount of VSMC and collagen fiber in the aorta (P<0.05).PSE significantly reduced the contents of AGEs and MDA (P<0.05), but had no effect on the activity of SOD and CAT in the plasma.PSE also down-regulated the expression of PPARγ and up-regulated the expression of SIRT1 (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: PSE is able to attenuate the senescence process in the aorta by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species in plasma, and activating SIRT1, or inhibiting the expression of PPARγ in vascular tissues.

Objective To explore the mechanism of the catdioprotection of isoflurane delayed preconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rabbits.Method Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits,weighing 2.0 to 2.5 kg,were randomly divided into three groups(ten for each group):Control group(group C),I/R group(I/R group) ,2.0% isoflurane group(group S) .Group S was exposed to 2.0% isoflurane-100% oxygen for2 h.Group C and I/R group were exposed 2 h to 100% oxygen served as untreated controls.Twenty-four hours later I/R group and group S underwent 40 rain of coronary occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion.Blood samples were taken from arterial line at 20 min before occlusion(T1) ,20 rain after occlusion(T2) ,40 rain after occlusion(T3) ,1 h after reperfusion(T4) and 2 h after reperfusion(TS) for determination of plasma IL-10 levels and TNF-alevels by ELISA.At the end of the reperfusion,infarct size and area at risk were defined by Evans and TTC staining.The heart was harvested and levels of the nuclear factor kappa β(NF-κB)activity were determined by Western Blot,and ultrastructures were observed by electron microscopy.The data was expressed as,and were analyzed by using oneway ANOVA test with SPSS 13.0.P value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance.Results The NF-κB activity of group S was significantly lower than that of group I/R(P<0.05).Group S significantly(P<0.05)reduced infarct size(19.7%±2.8% in group S) of the left ventricular area at risk as compared with control (37.8 %±1.7 % in I/R group).The injury of I/R group was worse than that of group S from the changes of the cellular structure under light microscope.Group S had a lower levels of TNF-α and also had a higher level of IL-10.Conclusions Isoflurane can inhibit NF-κB activity during myocardial ischemia reperfusion and modulate the cytokine expression,which may be one of molecular mechanisms of Isoflurane delayed preconditioning on cardioprotection.