1.High-fat Diet Enhances Gastric Contractility, but Abolishes Nesfatin-1-induced Inhibition of Gastric Emptying
Zarife N ÖZDEMIR-KUMRAL ; Türkan KOYUNCUOĞLU ; Sevil ARABACI-TAMER ; Özlem T ÇILINGIR-KAYA ; Ayça K KÖROĞLU ; Meral YÜKSEL ; Berrak Ç YEĞEN
Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2021;27(2):265-278
Background/Aims:
Gastrointestinal motility changes contribute to development and maintenance of obesity. Nesfatin-1 (NES-1) is involved in central appetite control. The aim is to elucidate effects of NES-1 and high-fat diet (HFD) on gastrointestinal motility and to explore myenteric neuron expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in HFDinduced oxidative injury.
Methods:
Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal diet (ND) or HFD. Gastric emptying rate was measured following NES-1 (5 pmol/rat, intracerebroventricular) preceded by subcutaneous injections of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin 1 (CCK-1), and gastrin/CCK-2 receptor antagonists. In carbachol-contracted gastric and ileal strips, contractile changes were recorded by adding NES-1 (0.3 nmol/L), GLP-1, CCK-1, and gastrin/CCK-2 antagonists.
Results:
Neither HFD nor NES-1 changed methylcellulose emptying, but NES-1 delayed saline emptying in cannulated ND-rats. Inhibitory effect of NES-1 on gastric emptying in ND-rats was reversed by all antagonists, and abolished in HFD-rats. In HFD-rats, carbachol-induced contractility was enhanced in gastric, but inhibited in ileal strips. HFD increased body weight, while serum triglycerides, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, myeloperoxidase activity, and luminolchemiluminescence in hepatic, ileal, and adipose tissues were similar in ND- and HFD-rats, but only lucigenin-chemiluminescence was increased in HFD-rats. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and TH immunoreactivities were depressed and nNOS immunoreactivity was increased in gastric tissues of HFD-rats, while VIP and TH were enhanced, but nNOS was reduced in their intestines.
Conclusions
HFD caused mild systemic inflammation, disrupted enteric innervation, enhanced gastric contractility, inhibited ileal contractility, and eliminated inhibitory effect of NES-1 on gastric motility.
2.High-fat Diet Enhances Gastric Contractility, but Abolishes Nesfatin-1-induced Inhibition of Gastric Emptying
Zarife N ÖZDEMIR-KUMRAL ; Türkan KOYUNCUOĞLU ; Sevil ARABACI-TAMER ; Özlem T ÇILINGIR-KAYA ; Ayça K KÖROĞLU ; Meral YÜKSEL ; Berrak Ç YEĞEN
Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2021;27(2):265-278
Background/Aims:
Gastrointestinal motility changes contribute to development and maintenance of obesity. Nesfatin-1 (NES-1) is involved in central appetite control. The aim is to elucidate effects of NES-1 and high-fat diet (HFD) on gastrointestinal motility and to explore myenteric neuron expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in HFDinduced oxidative injury.
Methods:
Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal diet (ND) or HFD. Gastric emptying rate was measured following NES-1 (5 pmol/rat, intracerebroventricular) preceded by subcutaneous injections of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin 1 (CCK-1), and gastrin/CCK-2 receptor antagonists. In carbachol-contracted gastric and ileal strips, contractile changes were recorded by adding NES-1 (0.3 nmol/L), GLP-1, CCK-1, and gastrin/CCK-2 antagonists.
Results:
Neither HFD nor NES-1 changed methylcellulose emptying, but NES-1 delayed saline emptying in cannulated ND-rats. Inhibitory effect of NES-1 on gastric emptying in ND-rats was reversed by all antagonists, and abolished in HFD-rats. In HFD-rats, carbachol-induced contractility was enhanced in gastric, but inhibited in ileal strips. HFD increased body weight, while serum triglycerides, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, myeloperoxidase activity, and luminolchemiluminescence in hepatic, ileal, and adipose tissues were similar in ND- and HFD-rats, but only lucigenin-chemiluminescence was increased in HFD-rats. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and TH immunoreactivities were depressed and nNOS immunoreactivity was increased in gastric tissues of HFD-rats, while VIP and TH were enhanced, but nNOS was reduced in their intestines.
Conclusions
HFD caused mild systemic inflammation, disrupted enteric innervation, enhanced gastric contractility, inhibited ileal contractility, and eliminated inhibitory effect of NES-1 on gastric motility.
3.Effect of Hypericum thymbrifolium BOISS. ET NOE, Hypericum scabrum L. and Eryngium creticum LAM. plant extracts on Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum/donovani strains and their cytotoxic potential
Ozpinar, H. ; Culha, G. ; Ozpinar, N. ; Kaya, T. ; Kara, B. ; Yucel, H.
Tropical Biomedicine 2024;41(No.1):36-44
Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In our country, there has been a
significant increase in the number of cases of leishmaniasis in the last decade. In our study, the effects
of Hypericum thymbrifolium, Hypericum scabrum and Eryngium creticum plant extracts were tested on
Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum/donovani, which were clinically resistant
by not responding to Glucantime® therapy. Cytotoxicity of these extracts were evaluated by XTT method
in the human fibroblast cell line. Possible active ingredients were detected by GC-MS analysis from plant
extracts. Glucantime® resistance was detected at concentrations of 50 µg/mL and lower in 4 of the 7
strains tested. No living leishmania parasites were found in leishmania strains treated with plant extracts
at concentrations of 100 µg/mL or higher. The concentrations of plant extracts included in the study
on the WI-38 human fibroblast cell line were not cytotoxic. According to the GC-MS analysis, several
active substances with biological activities and anti-parasitic effects, such as Thiophene, Germacrene-D,
trans-Geranylgeraniol, Pyridine, and Maleimides, were identified. Based on the findings of the study, it
is believed that these identified active substances when supported by in-vivo studies, will pave the way
for future research and have the potential to be developed as anti-leishmania drugs.