A comparative study was made on bathing-induced changes in body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate and tissue blood flow of 12 healthy adults using tap water and artificial CO₂ water at 37°C to clarify the physiological effects of CO₂ at various concentrations of 0, 100, 300, 600, 800 and 1000ppm. There was no change in body temperature during bathing in either water, whereas blood pressure and pulse rate were similarly decreased during bathing, but either of these decreases was not significantly different between tap water and CO₂-water. Therefore, it seemed that the decrease in blood pressure due to vasodilation during bathing would be controlled through some regulatory system like autonomic nerve system not so as to result in too much decrease. But, tissue blood flow was more increased during bathing in CO₂-water than tap water, suggesting that blood circulation in the tissue near skin surface would have been more enhanced by bathing in hot CO₂-water, resulting in a decrease of blood pressure.
Since the increase in tissue blood flow during bathing was dependent on the concentration of CO₂, it seemed that an improvement of tissue circulation and metabolism would have resulted from venous return increase associated to venous dilatation, one of dose-dependent CO₂ effects.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships among various characteristics such as personal attributes, health status, and social functioning in socially isolated elderly people according to a new classification based on intentionality in social choices, and to clarify the characteristics and issues of these individuals living in the community. We conducted a questionnaire survey of all healthy elderly people in Town A, which is located in a rural area. We classified respondents as non-socially isolated, intentionally socially isolated, or accidentally socially isolated. We then compared the three groups. Correspondence analysis was used to examine relationships among personal attributes and physical, mental, social functioning in the three groups. Valid responses were received from 1,284 respondents. Results showed that intentional social isolation was associated with living alone and poor physical functioning but not with medical history. Thus, intentional social isolation requires interventions for improving lifestyle, physical activity, nutrition, and oral care to prevent frailty among elderly people living in the community. Accidental social isolation was associated with depression and cognitive decline, and therefore requires mental health intervention. In addition, the accidentally socially isolated elderly tended to have low socioeconomic status, so it is necessary to create a mechanism for the early identification of high-risk individuals during monitoring and intervention provided by health and welfare professionals in various fields.

The purpose of this cohort study is to clarify the risk factors of low well-being of elderly people who residing in a local city of a super-aging country, Japan.Subjects are people, who have selected randomly from healthy elderly people resided in Kizugawa City, Kyoto Prefecture, in 2010, followed until 2015. Question survey was conducted in both year, and questionnaire consisted of items such as basic attributes, lifestyles (health practices, consultation behaviors, social activities and so on) and well-being (WHO-5). In analysis we made multi-logistic regression analysis using lifestyle variables as an independent variable and well-being as a dependent variable.The results were as follows.1. Risk factors were not to exercise, knowledge of appropriate diet, subjective feeling of stress for at least a month, not to participate in voluntary activities, age and bad subjective feeling of health.2. Risk factors in regard to changes of lifestyles using good-good lifestyles as a reference were sustainment of having no time for hobby or relaxation, sustainment or deterioration of subject feeling of stress for at least a month, sustainment or deterioration of having no time for relaxation and deterioration of having no activities with pleasure or aim. A factor promoting well-being is to have more frequencies for going out home.This study shows that in a longevity society it is important for community-dwelling elderly Japanese to have good health practices, appropriate consultation behaviors and good social activities for the purpose of keeping good well-being, and that these results are contributed to health promotion policy for community-dwelling elderly people.