The purpose of this study was to resolve the confusion existing in the terminology for describing foot motion, particularly the definitions of inversion and eversion. First, the definitions of foot motion used by the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine and the Japanese Orthopedic Association were compared with those used by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and with those used by the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB), to identify agreements and differences. Next, the terminology utilized in the literature was explored by examining several major textbooks and related academic papers retrieved through a search of the PubMed medical literature database. In the definitions of AOFAS and ISB, inversion and eversion, which correspond to triplane motions in the definition used in Japan, were regarded as motions in the coronal plane. Terminology in the textbooks was very diverse. Of the 141 academic papers explored, 92 papers (66%) regarded inversion/eversion as coronal plane motion, and 4 papers (3%) regarded it as a triplane motion. In the remaining 43 papers (31%), the definition was unspecified. In academic articles addressing foot motions, to avoid confusion in terminology, the definitions of inversion and eversion need to be specified.

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been a well-established rehabilitative method for upper limb paralysis in patients post-stroke. In recent years, its application to lower limb paralysis (Lower limb CIMT, L-CIMT) has been reported. However, the reported intensive lower limb trainings do not seem enough to target behavioral modifications in an individual's daily life. In this study, we investigated the effects of L-CIMT including the transfer package to induce behavioral transformation in normal daily life of patients with lower limb paralysis. The L-CIMT including the transfer package was administered to three patients with chronic-phase stroke without any constraint on the healthy lower limb for 3.5 hours a day, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. As a result, standing balance and walking ability were improved immediately and within 6 months after the intervention, respectively. All three cases experienced increased daily opportunities for standing and walking. We believe that L-CIMT including the transfer package can bring both short- and long-term improvements in standing balance and walking ability. This can lead to an increase in the frequency of standing and walking in daily living, along with an expanded range of action in ADL and IADL in patients with chronic-phase stroke.

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been a well-established rehabilitative method for upper limb paralysis in patients post-stroke. In recent years, its application to lower limb paralysis (Lower limb CIMT, L-CIMT) has been reported. However, the reported intensive lower limb trainings do not seem enough to target behavioral modifications in an individual's daily life. In this study, we investigated the effects of L-CIMT including the transfer package to induce behavioral transformation in normal daily life of patients with lower limb paralysis. The L-CIMT including the transfer package was administered to three patients with chronic-phase stroke without any constraint on the healthy lower limb for 3.5 hours a day, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. As a result, standing balance and walking ability were improved immediately and within 6 months after the intervention, respectively. All three cases experienced increased daily opportunities for standing and walking. We believe that L-CIMT including the transfer package can bring both short- and long-term improvements in standing balance and walking ability. This can lead to an increase in the frequency of standing and walking in daily living, along with an expanded range of action in ADL and IADL in patients with chronic-phase stroke.

Objective：To investigate the living conditions of patients who had experienced childhood onset of higher brain dysfunction and determine their problems with respect to diagnosis, school re-enrollment, and employment.Subjects and Methods：A retrospective investigation was performed in 196 subjects (122 men and 74 women) enrolled in the seven supporting centers in Japan for patients with higher brain dysfunction who were injured (or developed primary diseases) and diagnosed with higher brain dysfunction under 18 years old, and were not older than 40 at the time of investigation.Results：Primary diseases included traumatic brain injury (109 patients), cerebrovascular disease (35), encephalitis/encephalopathy (27), brain tumor (17), and brain hypoxia (8). Forty-two patients (21％) were diagnosed with higher brain dysfunction ≥1 year after brain damage and 64 (33％) started receiving support ≥1 year after brain damage. Of those who were re-enrolled in schools, 6％ left high schools and 17％ left colleges before graduation, mainly because of maladjustment to school life. Thirty-three (47.8％) among 69 patients who were ≥20 years were employed at the time of investigation, and 19％ were living on remuneration alone.Conclusion：To resolve problems in patients with childhood-onset higher brain dysfunction, it is necessary to establish early diagnosis as well as collaboration systems among medical, educational, and welfare institutions to support these patients.

Objective：To investigate the living conditions of patients who had experienced childhood onset of higher brain dysfunction and determine their problems with respect to diagnosis, school re-enrollment, and employment.Subjects and Methods：A retrospective investigation was performed in 196 subjects (122 men and 74 women) enrolled in the seven supporting centers in Japan for patients with higher brain dysfunction who were injured (or developed primary diseases) and diagnosed with higher brain dysfunction under 18 years old, and were not older than 40 at the time of investigation.Results：Primary diseases included traumatic brain injury (109 patients), cerebrovascular disease (35), encephalitis/encephalopathy (27), brain tumor (17), and brain hypoxia (8). Forty-two patients (21％) were diagnosed with higher brain dysfunction ≥1 year after brain damage and 64 (33％) started receiving support ≥1 year after brain damage. Of those who were re-enrolled in schools, 6％ left high schools and 17％ left colleges before graduation, mainly because of maladjustment to school life. Thirty-three (47.8％) among 69 patients who were ≥20 years were employed at the time of investigation, and 19％ were living on remuneration alone.Conclusion：To resolve problems in patients with childhood-onset higher brain dysfunction, it is necessary to establish early diagnosis as well as collaboration systems among medical, educational, and welfare institutions to support these patients.