A university hospital plays roles as a specific functional hospital and as a teaching hospital in primary care because most medical school graduates receive basic clinical training in this area. An important objective of primary care education for all residents is the initial treatment of patients with first-to third-level emergencies. We examined the number of patients, the level of emergency (first, second, and third level) and the diagnoses that each resident encountered. Subjects included 29 residents (3 in the first year, 4 in the second year, and 2 in the third year) who had undergone clinical training for 3 months in the department of emergency medicine at the Saga Medical School Hospital which treats 7, 000 to 8, 000 patients per year with first-to third-level emergencies. Residents were involved with 214.6 emergency cases, which included approximately 59 types of first-level emergency, 31 types of second-level emergency, and 15 types of third-level emergencies. These results were largely compatible with the Objectives of Postgraduate Basic Clinical Training proposed by the Japan Society for Medical Education. These results show that university hospitals as specific functional hospitals should accept numerous emergency patients and that residents must receive clinical training in emergency medicine to achieve the objectives of primary care education.

We used questionnaires to study the present status of undergraduate clinical training at medical schools in Japan in February 1996. Completed questionnaires were returned by 81%(65) of 80 medical schools and approximately 54%(1, 328 clinical departments) of the schools. The results were as follows. Courses for early clinical exposure in the 1st or 2nd year were provided at 83% of the 65 schools; clinical clerkships in the 5th and 6th years were provided at 28%. Specific behavioral objectives for clinical training were clearly shown to students and teaching staff at 75% of schools. Clinical procedures that medical students were permitted to perform were listed and announced to students and teaching staffs at 66% of schools. Patients were informed and gave consent for clinical training of students at 77% of schools. Essential knowledge and skills of students were assessed before the start of clinical training at 40% of schools, and summative assessment was made at the end of the training at 72%. Training of clinical teaching staff for faculty development was conducted at 51% of schools. Eightynine percent of schools reported a shortage of clinical teaching staff. Similar results were obtained in the survey of clinical departments of university hospitals: most departments complained of a shortage of teaching staff, of students not being active, and of students not being competent to enter clinical training courses. To improve clinical training, the introduction of clinical clerkships and cooperation with community facilities outside universities were the main issues.

A questionnaire survey on clinical procedures performed by medical students on patients during undergraduate clinical training was conducted in february 1996. Responses were received from 1328 clinical departments of university cospitals at 80 medical schools. Basic clinical procedures that medical students were permitted to perform on patients were recommended by a committee of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. These procedures are divided into three categories: level 1; procedures that medical students are permitted to perform under the supervision of an instructor; level 2; procedures medical students are permitted to perform with supervision under certain conditions; and level 3; procedures for which medical students are generally limited to assisting instructors or to attending and observing patients. The status of performance of the procedures was investigated. Of level-1 procedures (36 procedures), 8 were performed by medical students at more than 80 % of university hospitals, 19 were performed at from 50% to 70%, 9 were performed at less than 50%. Of level-2 procedures (15 procedures), 8 were performed at from 55% to 79% of hospitals and 7 were performed at less than 50%. For level-3 procedures (15 procedures), medical students were permitted to assist and observe 4 procedures at from 82% to 86% of hospitals, 11 at from 50% to 79%, and 1 at40%. In addition, students were permitted to perform 13 level-3 procedures at from 10% to 44% of hospitals and to perform 3 at from 6% to 9%. In many clinical departments, other kinds of procedures specific to the departments were adopted. Teaching media, such as standardized patients' computer-assisted instruction models, and animal materials, were used, and facilities in the community cooperated in training. Respondents wrote many suggestions and opinions about the difficulties and concerns with the legality of students' performing clinical procedures, patients' consent or agreement, minimal essentials of clinical competence of students, the shortage of instructors, and the training and guidelines for instructors.

We surveyed in every medical university in Japan on how attitudes development is adopted in its medical educational curriculum so far. There are several universities which in some way have already adopted attitudes development into curriculum or teaching items. However, hours of lesson and the contents are so differed among them. Moreover, both evaluation of these lessons by trainees and judgement as far the educational effect by trainers are not programmed satisfactorily. Some universities complain of manpower shortage, difficulties of fixing curriculum, or shortage of total lesson hours, so that they say they cannot dare work on this attempt. But, there are still an increasing number of universities ready to start their programs, where education arranged by non-medical teachers, practical medical experience at the real front, the introduction of simulated patient (SP) into education, and so on are considerd to be carried out.
Thus, we suppose it is time to have and share some guideline for adequate attitudes development education at this moment. And at the same time, a national system to encourage the medical education, including trainning SP, is urgently required to be planned.