Neuroblastoma(NB),the common extracranial solid tumor of childhood,is thought to derive from neural crest cells.In disialoganglioside (GD)2 is highly expressed on NB,whereas GD2 expression is weak and restricted to the central nervous system,peripheral pain fibers and skin melanocytes.Therefore,GD2 is an ideal antigen target for immunotherapy of NB.The research progress on GD2 as target for immunotherapy of NB was reviewed.

Objective:To establish a mouse model representing the cardinal features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-induced cachexia, and to investigate the changes in phenotype, metabolism and cachexia-related biomarkers.Methods:BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into control group ( n=6) and tumor group ( n=6). The cachexia model of pancreatic cancer was established in BALB/c nude mice by intraperitoneal injection of Panc01 cell line. The changes in body weight, food intake, grip strength and body composition were recorded over the course of tumor development. The animals were euthanized after 2 weeks and were examined for intraperitoneal metastasis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of cachexia related genes in muscle and adipose tissue and the expression of related inflammatory factors in peripheral blood. Results:The animals in tumor group showed an obvious cachexia phenotype, which was manifested by decreased food intake, lean body weight, and grip strength, and enhanced muscle catabolism. The wasting syndrome in this model was accompanied by hypothalamic inflammation and upregulated expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) in white adipose tissue. Haematological abnormalities included leukocytosis and anemia.Conclusions:Intraperitoneal injection of human pancreatic cancer cell Panc01 into nude mice is a reliable model for the study of cachexia, which recapitulates the key features of the pancreatic cancer progress and induces a wide array of cachexia manifestations. Therefore, this model is suitable for preclinical researches exploring the mechanism of cachexia related to pancreatic cancer and identifying novel therapies.