Objective To explore the correlation of bone mineral density (BMD) with levels of N-terminal osteocalcin (N-MID),total collagen type 1 amino-terminal extension peptide,β-collagen special sequence (β-CTX),25-hydroxy vitamin D [25 (OH) D3] and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.Methods 116 elderly postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes were divided into 3 groups according to BMD level:normal group (n=29),osteopenic group (n=49) and osteoporosis group (n=38).Body height,weight,body mass index (BMI) were measured.Fasting blood glucose (FBG),2-hour postprandial glucose (PPG),glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc),24-hour urinary protein (UPro) and levels of N-MID,T-P1NP,β-CTX,25(OH)D3 and IGF-1 were determined.General informations and bone metabolic markers were statistically analyzed and compared between the 3 groups.Results There were no significant differences in levels of FBG,PPG,HbA1c,25(OH)D3 and duration between the 3 groups (all P＞0.05).For the comparison of normal group with osteopenic and osteoporosis groups,BMI and IGF-1 levels were decreased (both P＜0.05) ; T-P1NP and N-MID levels were decreased [(19.85 ± 2.83)μg/Lvs.(12.23±2.75) μg/L,(9.16±2.86) μg/L; (7.12±2.05) μg/Lvs.(5.06±2.38) μg/L,(4.92±2.12) μg/L,all P＜0.05]; 24 h urine protein was increased (P＜0.05); β-CTX level was increased [(1.32±0.38) μg/Lvs.(1.97±0.58) μg/L,(2.14±0.73) μg/L,P＜0.05].Logistic regression analysis showed that BMD was positively correlated with total collagen type 1 aminoterminal extension peptide,IGF-1,25(OH)D3,N MID and BMI (r=0.351,0.217,0.213,0.273,0.203,respectively,P＜0.01 or 0.05),and BMD was negatively correlated with β-CTX and urinary protein levels (r =-0.236 and-0.216,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Osteopenia or osteoporosis occurs more often in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.The change of BMD is closely related with bone metabolism markers and IGF 1 level.Routine tests and early prevention can avoid fracture in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE:To provide the reference for the improvement of GCP(good clinical practice)regulations and protection of subject's human rights.METHODS:The status quo of the protection of subject's right of informed consent and the elements for the right of informed consent and the existing problems in its practice in China were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:China should further promote the legislation of clinical trials,reinforce the legal education of researchers,and emphasize the supervision on the illegal tort act.

Objective To examine plasma levels of MDA-LDL and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in patients with angiography type lesions Ⅱ(representing plaque rupture with or without thrombosis), and to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on plasma MDA-LDL and PAPP-A. Methods One hundred and ten patients were enrolled and underwent coronary angiography with 85 patients diagnosed as coronary heart disease (CHD) and twenty-five as controls. According to the morphologic types of plaque, the patients with CHD were straitified as type Ⅰ(smooth borders) (n=31) and type Ⅱ(irregular lesions) (n=35) and type Ⅲ (long lesions with irregular surface) group (n=19). The patients in type Ⅱ group received simvastatin (40 mg/d ) for four weeks. The plasma MDA-LDL, PAPP-A, LDL, HDL levels before and after simvastatin treatment were determined. Results Plasma levels of MDA-LDL, PAPP-A in type Ⅱ group was significantly higer than that in the controls group, type Ⅰ group, type Ⅲ group (P

Objective To investigate the effect of blood glucose level on pulmonary diffusion capacity in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and its clinical significance.Methods Totally 132 older adults with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study.According to blood glucose level,the patients were divided into well-controlled group (n =57) and poor controlled group (n =75).Additionally,52 age-matched non-diabetic healthy subjects were selected as control group.Levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),fasting insulin (FINS) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (2h PG) in the diabetic patients were detected,and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) was calculated.The patients with type 2 diabetes underwent urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) detection,fundus examination and nerve conduction velocity test.pulmonary ventilation,diffusion of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and DLCO corrected by alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) were examined in all subjects.Results Levels of FBG,2h PG,HbA1c and HOMA-IR were higher in poor-controlled group than in good glycemicwell-controlled group (all P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,body mass index (BMI) was increased in diabetic groups (both P＜0.05).The pulmonary ventilation function in the three groups had no significant differences (P＞0.05).DLCO and DLCO/VA were lower in diabetic groups than in the control group(all P＜0.05).DLCO and DLCO/VA in poor-controlled group were lower than those in well controlled group (both P＜0.05).DLCO and DLCO/VA were lower in patients with microangiopathy score ≥ 2 than those without microangiopathy (both P ＜ 0.05).Multiple liner regression analysis showed that DCLO and DLCO/VA were negatively correlated with HbA1c,HOMA-IR,duration of diabetes and microangiopathy (r=-2.51,-2.35,-2.42,-2.37,-2.41,-2.52,-2.47,-2.36,all P＜0.05).Conclusions The pulmonary diffusion capacity is significantly impaired in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Pulmonary diffusion capacity is negatively correlated with the blood glucose level.The lung may be one of the target organs of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective To study the expression and regulation of aquapofins (AQP) in cystic epithelial cells of jck mice with polycystic kidney disease. Methods Localization and regulation of AQP1, AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 protein were analyzed by using the immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Results Kidneys of jck homozygous mice were 4 folds larger than those of litter matched wild-type mice. There were multiple cysts and fibrosis in the renal tissue of jck mice. The epithelial cells in cysts were flat in shape. Blood urea level in jck mice was (42.6 ± 6.7) mmol/L, which was 5 folds higher than that in wild-type mice [(8.4±1.9) mmol/L] (P<0.01). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that AQP1 was expressed in the apical and hasolatend membranes of epithelial cells in proximal tubules, as well as in the thin descending limb of Henle and endothelial cells of descending vasa recta. There was no AQP1 expression in epithelial cells of cysts. AQP2 was expressed in the apical membranes of collecting ducts and renal cysts. AQP3 and AQP4 were expressed in basolateral membranes of collecting duct and renal cystic epithelial cells of jck mice. Western blot analysis showed the same protein sizes of AQP1, AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in both jck and wild-type kidneys. However, AQP1 expression was down-regulated in jck kidneys (P<0.01). Conclusion The renal cystic epithelia expresses AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4, which indicates that epithelial cells in renal cysts are derived from renal collecting ducts in jck mice and aquaporins may play an important role in renal cyst development.

Objective To observe the benefits and harms of nilestriol in elderly women with hypertension.Methods Forty-one elderly women with hypertension who had received antihypertensive therapy were randomly divided into two groups. Women in group A (n=21) received oral nilestriol, wherase those in group B(n=20) received oral placebo for six months. Blood sugar(Bs), blood lipids, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1(sICAM-1),E-selectin and plasma fibrinogen(Fbg),tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen(tPA),plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1),von Willebrand factor(vWF) were measured before starting treatment and 6th month after treatment.Results Levels of total cholesterol(TC),Fbg,tPA,PAI-1,vWF,sICAM-1,E-selectin in group A were significantly lower than those in group B.Conclusions In elderly women with hypertension, nilestriol could improve the metabolism of lipids,endotheliocytes function,inflammation factors expression,thrombosis and hemostasis.

Objective To explore the role of Orexin in pathogenesisepilepsy and treatment of epilepsy based on the literatures published from 1998 to 2014 at home and abroad.Methods Searched the literatures from the online database including Pubmed,CNKI and Wanfang Datebases in July 2014.The words Orexin,epilepsy,Orexin receptor,epilepsy treatment were used as search terms.Analyze the effect Orexin and its receptors in the occurrence,development and treatment of epilepsy.Results 102 related literatures were retrieved and 30 were adopted into analysis.It was showed Orexin is a kind of excitatory neuropeptides and it can increase the excitability of cerebral cortex.Epilepsy can be induced bv excessive expression of Orexin.Conclusion Excessive expression of Orexin can cause epileptic seizure.Inhibiting the excessive activation of Orexin neurons is of important to control seiznres in clinical practices.

OBJECTIVE To understand pathogen distribution and drug sensitive rate of urinary system infection in our hospital,in order to avoid the clinic to use antibiotics blindly,make the resistant strains decreasing in number,and improve efficacy.METHODS The distribution and drug sensitivity of the pathogens causing urinary infection among the patients with urinary system infection were rectrospectively analyzed.RESULTS Totally 549 strains were isolated,G-bacteria were 333 strains,accounted for 60.66%,from them E.coli was 293 strains,accounted for 87.99%;and G+bacteria were 216 strains,accounted for 39.34%,from them Enterococcus,and Staphylococcus were the main ones.Of E.coli strains,the ESBLs(+) were 36.86%.The MRCNS accounted for 81.91%.The result of drug sensitivity showed that the sensitive rate of E.coli to meropenem and imipenem was 100.0%.The sensitive rate of ESBLs(+) E.coli to cefepime,cefotaxime and aztreonam was all lower than 50%,but that of ESBLs(-) to the above drugs was much higher than ESBLs(+).The sensitive rate of Enterococcus to vancomycin and teicoplanin was 100%.The sensitive rate of CNS to Vancomycin was 100%.CONCLUSIONS In order to decrease the produceing bacteria resistance and the disseminating the resistance genes,it′s necessary to enhance the monitoring and study of bacteria resistance,normlalize the clinical medicine application,and enhance the infection control measures.

Objective:To discuss the necessity of the opening of a pharmacist section for outpatients for risk assessment and com-munication of drugs in pregnancy by surveying the use situation and risk reasons of the drugs was in pregnancy. Methods:Referring to the risk classification of medicines in pregnancy formulated by FDA and integrating various factors in pregnant women, such as drug dosage, administration time, genetic factors, prenatal care and potential diseases et al, pharmacists established the section for outpa-tients for risk assessment and communication of drugs in pregnancy. Results:The visiting number of pregnant women was gradually in-creased after the establishment by reviewing the clinical data from the hospital information system. The new pharmacy service mode pro-vided by pharmacists for obstetrical patients was positively recognized by physicians and patients. Conclusion:The section for outpa-tients for risk assessment and communication of drugs in pregnancy should be established in order to promote the pharmaceutical knowl-edge in pregnancy and improve the medication safety.

Objective To observe the biomechanical changes of subchondral bone in the early stage of knee joint instability and effect of diphosphonate therapy so as to investigate the role of the early biomechanical changes of subchondral bone in the onset and development of osteoarthritis (OA).Methods Sixty healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to model group (n =24),diphosphonate group (n =24) and control group (n =12) according to random number table.Joint destabilization by anterior cruciate ligament transection of the right knee of the rabbits was performed to induce OA models.Rabbits in diphosphonate group received subcutaneous injection of 0.01 mg/kg diphosphonate (risedronate) per day,and isotonic saline solution of the same volume was subcutaneously given to rabbits in model and control groups.Half the animals in each group were killed by aeroembolism at postoperative 4 weeks and 12 weeks respectively.Surgical knee joint with preservation of each 2 cm bone above and below joint surface was dissected to perform gross scoring.Thereafter,two-dimensional image profile was achieved by Micro-CT examination and converted into Ansys for limit element analysis after fitting in Mimics software.Results At four weeks,bone volume fraction (BVF),elastic modulus (EM),reaction force (RF),and mean Von Mises stress were all declined in three groups,the lowest level in the model group (P ＜ 0.01).The diphosphonate group also had lower levels than the control group,with insignificant difference.Bone mineral density (BMD) in the model group was obviously declined in contrast with the diphosphonate and control groups (P ＜ 0.01),but there were no significant difference between the diphosphonate group and the control group.At 12 weeks,the model group showed higher level of BVF and BMD,but lower level of EM,RF and Von Mises stress in comparison with the control and diphosphonate groups (P ＜ 0.01).EM,RF,and Von Mises stress were lower in the diphosphonate group than those in the control group as well,but the difference was statistically insignificant.The model group showed that BVF,BMD,EM,RF,and Von Mises stress at 12 weeks were improved from those at 4 weeks (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Biomechanical properties of subchondral bone are affected in the early stage of knee joint instability and a notable decrease of EM is observed in the early stage,followed by an enhancement in late stage.It means that the biomechanical changes of subchondra,l bone in the early stage of knee joint instability may be connected with the bone resorption resulting from abnormal stress.On the contrary,diphosphonate may markedly improve EM of subchondral bone through inhibiting bone resorption.