Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)is a member of C′n′C transcription factor family.It is an important transcrip-tion factor for regulation of cellular redox status and can be seen in all kinds of tissues .Recent studies have demonstrated that rapid deg-radation of Nrf2 after gene-induced antioxidative stress is as important as transcription and activation of Nrf 2 and the nuclear export of Nrf2 is a prerequisite for rapid degradation of Nrf2 in the cytosol.This review focuses on the mechanism of nuclear export of Nrf 2.

Objective The effect of the emulsion in which propofol is formulated on blood coagulation is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intravenous propofol infusion on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.Methods Forty-one ASA I or II patients of both sexes (22 male, 19 female) aged 24-56 yr weighing 46-75 kg scheduled for elective upper abdominal surgery were enrolled in this study. The patients were premedicated with intramuscular atropine 0.5 mg and phenobarbital 0.1 g. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 4 ?g?kg-1 , and propofol 2 mg?kg-1 . Tracheal intubation was facilitated with vecuronium 0.15 mg? kg-1 . The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT 8-12 ml?kg-1 , RR 12 bpm). Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol and intermittent IV boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium. Propofol was infused with a TCI system ' Diprifusor' . The target effect site concentration was set at 4 ?g ? ml-1 . Platelet aggregation and intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca2+ ]i were measured and thromb-elastography (TEG) and coagulation function tests (APTT, TT, PT, FIB) were performed before induction (T0, baseline), at 30, 60, and 120 rain after induction (T1 , T2 , T3) . Results (1) The maximum platelet aggregation rate was significantly decreased at T1,3 as compared to the baseline (T0) ( P

0.05) but the score after training was higher than before(P

Objective To investigate the influence of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia on short-term cogni-tive function of elderly patients with lacunar infarction after surgery.Methods A total of 50 patients with lacunar infarction who underwent abdominal surgery in our hospital from June 2012 to December 2013 were selected as the research object,who were divided into spinal-epi-dural anesthesia group (combined group)and general anesthesia group (general group).The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction of two groups were observed and compared.The mini-mental state examination(MMSE)and Montreal cognitive Assessment(MoCA)were used to evaluated the cognitive function before and postoperative 1 day.Results The probability of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)of combined group and the general group were 12% and 32%,respectively,and the POCD probability of combined group was lower than that of general group,the difference was significant(P <0.05).The MMSE score and MoCA score at postoperative 1 day of two groups were lower than those before anesthesia,the difference was significant(P <0.05).The MMSE score and MoCA score of combined group at postoperative 1 day were lower than that of general group,the difference was significant(P <0.05).Conclusion The anesthesia can cause a certain cognitive dysfunction for elderly patients with lacunar infarction,while the spinal-epidural anesthesia can reduce the incidence rate of POCD compared anesthesia.

Objective To establish the model of serum-caused damage to pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) of mice with renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods Mice PMVECs were cultured to measure the standard trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER) in the monolayer of PMVECs.When PMVECs were cultured and arranged in compact monolayer and TER was achieved,they were divided into 4 groups (n =3 each) using a random number table:serum of normal mice group (NS group) and different concentrations (5％,10％ and 20％) of serum of mice with renal I/R injury groups (IRS5 group,IRS10group and IRS20 group).The PMVECs were cultured for 1 h in the serum-free endothelial culture medium.The 0.8 and 0.2 ml culture medium containing 20％ serum of normal mice were then added to the upper and lower chambers,respectively,in group NS.The 0.8 and 0.2 ml culture medium containing 5％,10％ and 20％ serum of mice with renal I/R injury were then added to the upper and lower chambers in IRS5,IRS10 and IRS20 groups,respectively.100 μg/ml FITC-BSA 100 μl was added to the upper chamber in the four groups.At 3,6,9,12,15,18,21 and 24 h of incubation,the PMVEC monolayer permeability (apparent permeability coefficient,Pa) was detected.Results Compared with NS group,the Pa was significantly increased at 12 and 15 h of incubation in IRS5 group,and the Pa was increased at 6-24 h of incubation in IRS10 and IRS20 groups.Compared with IRS5 group,the Pa at 21 and 24 h in IRS10 group and at 9-24 h in IRS20 group were significantly increased.Conclusion Both 10％ and 20％ serum of mice with renal I/R injury can successfully establish the model of damage to PMVECs,and 20％ serum causes a more severe damage.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of aprotinin blood anesthesia in the radical excision of esophageal carcinoma. Methods A total of 90 patients with esophageal carcinoma undergoing radical excision were divided into two groups according to using aprotinin or not. Patients in experiment group (group A, 40 patients) were injected with 1 112 EPU aprotinin followed by constant pumped infusion of 278 EPU/h until 2 h after operation. Patients in the control group (group B, 50 patients) were treated with constant pumped infusion of 0.9% saline. The venous blood was collected for blood routine examination, thromboelastography(TEG) and normal coagulable function test at the following time points: before induction, at 2 h and 4 h after the beginning of operation, at the end of operation and at 12 h after operation. The changes of TEG and normal coagulable state were monitored during the whole surgical process. The intraoperative volume of hemorrhage, perioperative transfusion rate and average volume of transfusion in the two groups were compared. Results The preoperative coagulable state in experiment group was kept relatively stable during the operation. Volume of intraoperative hemorrhage, perioperative transfusion rate and average volume of blood transfusion in experiment group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusion Aprotinin blood anesthesia can stabilize the coagulable state, reduce the volumes and rates of hemorrhage and transfusion, and hence can find wide application in the radical excision of esophageal carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the effect of the serum obtained from rat with hepatopuimonary syndrome (HPS) on Akt mRNA and protein expression in rat pulmonary microvascular endotheliai cells (PMVECs) and the role of Akt signaling pathway in the proliferation of PMVECs in the HPS. Methods Healthy 3-4-month-old SD rats of both sexes were used in this study. HPS was produced by chronic ligation of common bile duct according to the method described by Fallon. liver cirrhosis and pulmonary microvascular proliferation were verified by microscopic examination of the liver and lung tissue 2 weeks after bile duct ligation. Serum was obtained from blood taken from aorta of HPS rats. Primary PMVECs were cultured and randomly divided into 2 groups: control group and HPS group. In HPS group serum was added to cultured PMVECs (final concentration was 10%) and incubated. Akt mRNA and protein expression was determined at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation by RT-PCR and Western blot. The proliferation of PMVECs was detected by MTT and ~3H-TdR. Results The proliferation of PMVECs was significantly enhanced and the expression of Akt mRNA and protein was significantly increased in HPS group as compared with control group. Conclusion The Akt signaling pathway might play an important role in proliferation of PMVECs in the HPS.

Objective To observe the effect of ecdysterone(EDS)on the level of VEGF protein in the brain,angiogenesis and neurologic function after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.Methods Rat with focal cerebral ischemia were established by occluding their middle cerebral artery.The established rats(n=36)were randomly and equally divided into EDS treatment group and ischemia group.EDS(20 mg?kg-1?d-1 for 7 d)was intraperitoneally injected into the rats of EDS treatment group 2 h after operation,and the animal of ischemia group received an intraperitoneal injection of the same solvent as in EDS group.Another 6 rats served as normal control.Rats were sacrificed in 7,14 and 21 d after operation,and the VEGF protein level and microvessel density(MVD)was detected with immunohistochemical methods and analyzed quantitatively with image system.Effect of EDS on neurologic recovery following brain ischemia were assessed using the neurologic severity scores(NSS).Results VEGF expression was not seen in normal control,and was higher in ischemia group than in the EDS treatment group at day 7 and 14,but the significant difference was only observed at day 7(P

Objective To assess the protective effect of remifentanil on cultured human hepatocytes against anoxia-reoxygenation injury. Methods Cultured hepatocytes were divided into 5 groups: group C receiving normoxia as control; groups AR, R, CH, R+CH receiving 15-hour xypoxia followed by 5-hour reoxygenation (group R receiving 5 ng/ml remifentanil, group CH 10 ?mol/L chelerythrine, group R+CH 5 ng/ml remifentanil and 10 ?mol/L chelerythrine before reoxygenation). The content of MDA in the hepatocyte mitochondria were measured. The rate of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of protein kinase C mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. Results Anoxia-reoxygenation caused dramatic increase in the content of MDA, the rate of apoptotic cells and the expression of protein kinase C mRNA. The three indexes mentioned above of groups R and CH were between that of groups C and AR (P

To evaluate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on phenotypic transformation of alveolar macrophages in a mouse model of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI).Methods Thirty pathogen-free healthy male C57BL/6 mice,aged 8 weeks,weighing 18-20 g,were divided into 3 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group Sham),group ALI and exogenous hydrogen sulfide group (group NaHS).In group Sham,normal saline was intratracheally instilled and intraperitoneally injected.In ALI and NaHS groups,lipopolysaccharide 20 mng/kg was intratracheally instilled,and normal saline and sodium hydrosulfide (28 μmol/kg) 100 μl were intraperitoneally injected,respectively,every day.Mice were sacrificed at day 3 after administration of lipopolysaccharide,and lungs were removed for measuremnent of the lung coefficient and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase (by immunohistochemistry) and for microscopic examination of the pathological changes.Lung injury was evaluated by the index of quantitative assessment (IQA).Results Compared with group Sham,the lung coefficient and IQA were significantly increased,and the expression of iNOS and arginase in lung tissues was up-regulated in group ALI (P＜0.05).Compared with group ALI,the lung coefficient and IQA were significantly decreased,the expression of iNOS in lung tissues was down-regulated (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of arginase in lung tissues in group NaHs (P＞0.05).Conclusion Exogenous hydrogen sulfide mitigates endotoxin-induced ALI through inhibiting phenotypic transformation of alveolar macrophages to M1 subtype in mice.