Objective To compare the volume of the basal ganglia in patients with Tourette syndrome(T S) and the normal volunteers and to explore the underlying anatomical basis of TS.Methods Thirty-one cases of TS (TS subjects),31 gender and age-matched subjects (the control subjects) were examined on a 3.0 T MRI system.The volume of the caudate nucleus,globus pallidus,putamen of the two sides and the brain volume were measured with volume analysis software,and the data were normalized according to the individual brain volume.Statistical analysis was performed using t test to compare between the TS subjects and the controls.Results The volume of the both sides of the caudate nucleus,putamen and globus pallidus of TS subjects were (4.11 ±0.12) and (3.76 ±0.11),(2.28 ±0.12)and(2.35 ±0.28),(4.98 ±0.20) and (4.89 ±0.31)cm3,while they were (4.88 ±0.19) and (4.30 ±0.12),(2.28 ±0.12)and (2.35 ± 0.28),(4.98 ± 0.20) and (4.89 ± 0.31) cm3 in the controls,respectively.There were significant differences in the bilateral caudate nucleus and globus pallidus between the TS subjects and control subjects (t =2.97,1.74,3.72,3.93,P ＜ 0.05),but there were no significant differences of the volume in the bilateral putamen between the TS and control subjects(t =0.47,1.31,P ＞0.05).The volume was not significantly different between the left and right caudate nucleus in the TS subjects (t =1.81,P ＞0.05),but the left volume of the caudate nucleus was bigger in the control subjects compared with the right volume,however,there was significant difference between the bilateral caudate nucleus in the control subjects (t =2.34,P ＜ 0.05).There were no differences of volume between the bilateral globus pallidus and putamen in both the TS and control subjects (t =1.12,1.44,1.68,0.38,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The abnormal volume of caudate nucleus,putamen,and the globus pallidus may be involved in the pathogenesis of TS.

Genetic factors play an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This article mainly introduced some genes, which have been reported in recent years, predisposing to different aspects of AD. The occurrence and progress of the late onset Al-zheimer's disease (LOAD) can be better understood through further study of the susceptibility loci, especially by using the pathway analysis, and the important hub genes can be found so as to provide targets for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Due to the dispersion of genetic variant information, it needs detailed literature, online search and some bioinformatics methods to analyze the causative genes and signaling pathways related to LOAD. 3 databases were took as recourses, and they were analyzed with multi-means and multi-ways of analy-sis and data mining methods, in order to provide theoretical basis for further study and clinical treatment of AD genetics.

Objective To evaluate the different arteriographic manifestations of acute renal arterial hemorrhage,and the treatment effects of emergency interventional embolization.Methods 87 patients with renal arterial hemorrhage who were failed to conservative treatment underwent the renal arteriography to confirm the position and degree of lesion.According to the arteriographic manifesta-tions,appropriate embolic agents such as spring coil,acrylic acid microspheres and the like were used to embolize the targeted vessel. The arteriographic manifestations and embolization efficacy were retrospectively analyzed.Results Contrast medium leakage was showed by renal angiography in 43 patients,13 of whom had arterio-venous fistula (AVF)and 1 5 of whom had renal pseudoaneu-rysms (RAP).Among this 1 5 patients,there were 5 patients with arteriovenous fistula and one patiernt with artery-calyces fistula. Hemorrhage of tumor vessel was shown in 1 5 patients and renal arteriovenous malformation (RAVM)in 1.47 patients underwent renal artery CT arteriography before emergency interventional embolization.The hematuresis was completely stopped or significantly relieved in 82 of all patients.Only 3 patients with renal trauma and 2 patients with percutaneous nephroscope were still had haematu-ria.All patients were followed up for 2 years.The total effective rate of emergency interventional embolization treatment was 94.25%(82/87),and no serious complications were observed.Conclusion As a safe,effective and micro-invasive treatment,emergency in-terventional embolization therapy can be used to treat the acute renal hemorrhage effectively.It can keep the maximum renal func-tion.Though acute renal hemorrhage angiography may have different manifestations,the choice of embolic agents is the key to stop the symptom.Renal artery CTA before embolotherapy is important for the diagnosis and therapy of acute renal hemorrhage.

Objective To clarify the role of the known genes and new discovered genes, which were important to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in order to provide targets for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Methods In order to predict AD susceptible genes, the website databases (OMIM, AlzGene) and a variety of pathogenic gene prediction tools such as Endeavour, Gene Prospector, GLAD4U and ProphNet were used to make biological analysis. Results Disease-causing genes were directly obtained from the OMIM and Alzgene databases, and related genes were collected by 4 kinds of tools (select gene whose frequency was 3 or more). The data were shared and a list of 25 genes was gotten. These genes were CALHM1、 ABCA7、 A2M、 CLU、 SORL1、 HFE、 CD2AP、 APP、 ACE、 PICALM、 APOE、 NOS3、 MS4A6A、 PLD3、 CR1、 ADAM10、 MS4A4E、 BLMH、 PSEN1、 CD33、 PSEN2、 MPO、 APBB2、 BIN1 and PLAU. Conclusion CALHM1, ABCA7, A2M and CLU, etc., have a certain correlation with AD, which provide theoretical basis for further research of AD genics and clinical treatment.