To undertake retrospective analysis of the research and advancement of treating avascular necrosis of the femoral head.After comparing the superiority and inferiority of different treatments and the present therapeutic status many therapeutic methods for avascular necrosis of the femoral head have been performed,commonly according to the staging of necrosis.Conservative therapy is suitable for stage 0 ～Ⅰ,interventional therapy is suitable for stage Ⅱ～Ⅲ,operation is adapted for stage Ⅱ～ Ⅲ and femoral head collapse or degenerative changes.Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a chronic and dysfunctional illness.Comprehensive treatment according to different stage is now the most popular.Interventional therapy is the study focus of the avascular necrosis of the femoral head meanwhile.(J Intervent Radiol,2006,15: 636-639)

The design and the teaching of immulogical experiment should be helpful to training the students'ability both in clinical practising and scientific thinking.The key links may include nailing down the target,optimizing the contents,improving the teaching method,valuing the design item,and standardizing the report so as to enhance the students' comprehensive skills and scientific thinking by means of "operating" and "braining".

Genetic factors play an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This article mainly introduced some genes, which have been reported in recent years, predisposing to different aspects of AD. The occurrence and progress of the late onset Al-zheimer's disease (LOAD) can be better understood through further study of the susceptibility loci, especially by using the pathway analysis, and the important hub genes can be found so as to provide targets for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Due to the dispersion of genetic variant information, it needs detailed literature, online search and some bioinformatics methods to analyze the causative genes and signaling pathways related to LOAD. 3 databases were took as recourses, and they were analyzed with multi-means and multi-ways of analy-sis and data mining methods, in order to provide theoretical basis for further study and clinical treatment of AD genetics.

Objective To clarify the role of the known genes and new discovered genes, which were important to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in order to provide targets for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Methods In order to predict AD susceptible genes, the website databases (OMIM, AlzGene) and a variety of pathogenic gene prediction tools such as Endeavour, Gene Prospector, GLAD4U and ProphNet were used to make biological analysis. Results Disease-causing genes were directly obtained from the OMIM and Alzgene databases, and related genes were collected by 4 kinds of tools (select gene whose frequency was 3 or more). The data were shared and a list of 25 genes was gotten. These genes were CALHM1、 ABCA7、 A2M、 CLU、 SORL1、 HFE、 CD2AP、 APP、 ACE、 PICALM、 APOE、 NOS3、 MS4A6A、 PLD3、 CR1、 ADAM10、 MS4A4E、 BLMH、 PSEN1、 CD33、 PSEN2、 MPO、 APBB2、 BIN1 and PLAU. Conclusion CALHM1, ABCA7, A2M and CLU, etc., have a certain correlation with AD, which provide theoretical basis for further research of AD genics and clinical treatment.

Refractory ascites is one of the common complications of portal hypertension in decompensated liver cirrhosis and is characterized by extremely poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is recommended by several international and national guidelines as one of the treatment methods after failure of large volume paracentesis combined protein infusion therapy. TIPS can effectively control the recurrence of ascites, but it can increase the risk of hepatic encephalopathy, and there are still controversies over whether it can prolong survival time. With a deeper understanding of TIPS, the maturity of surgical techniques, and the update of stent materials, it is urgent to reevaluate the position of TIPS in the treatment of refractory ascites due to portal hypertension. This article reviews the current status and advances in TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites due to portal hypertension.