Over 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of liver diseases. Current interferon-based therapy is of limited efficacy and has significant side effects and more effective and better tolerated therapies are urgently needed. HCV is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus with a 9.6 kb genome that encodes ten viral proteins. Among them, the NS3 protease and the NSSB polymerase are essential for viral replication and have been the main focus of drug discovery efforts. Aided by structure-based drug design,potent and specific inhibitors of NS3 and NSSB have been identified, some of which are in late stage clinical trials and may significantly improve current HCV treatment. Inhibitors of other viral targets such as NSSA are also being pursued. However, HCV is an RNA virus characterized by high replication and mutation rates and consequently, resistance emerges quickly in patients treated with specific antivirals as monotherapy. A complementary approach is to target host factors such as cyclophilins that are also essential for viral replication and may present a higher genetic barrier to resistance. Combinations of these inhibitors of different mechanism are likely to become the essential components of future HCV therapies in order to maximize antiviral efficacy and prevent the emergence of resistance.

Objective To analyze the role of Clinical Pathway in controlling hospitalization cost and to provide the basis for reasonable control of medical cost.Methods The data of patients undergoing unilateral and bilateral total hip replacement in 2005 and 2010 in Arthritis Clinical and Research Center of Peking University People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.There were 70 unilateral and 14 bilateral total hip replacement cases in 2005,whereas the number of those in 2010 was 173 and 46 respectively.All charges were assigned to 1 of 9 categories:hospital room,nursing,radiology and laboratory,prosthesis,blood transfusion,surgery,pharmacy,treatment,diagnosis.We compared the total costs and cost of each category between 2005 and 2010.Results There was no statistical significant difference between 2005 and 2010 in terms of age,gender distribution,pri mary disease and type of prosthesis.The total costs for unilateral and bilatcral total hip replacement was 40 852.72 yuan and 73 020.28 yuan in 2010,respectively.They were both significantly lower than those of 2005 (49 371.35 yuan and 80 962.61 yuan respectively).The charge for each category of total hip replacement in 2010 was 585.88,145.38,2 885.47,3 222.32,1 776.15,3 805.29,132.79,4 100.88,and 3 0953.75 yuan.Compared with 2005,each category of charge dropped in 2010,especially the cost of surgery,treatment,diagnosis and hospital room,which decreased by 35.11％,31.76％,31.40％ and 30.67％ respectively.The tendency of each category change in charge of unilateral and bilateral total hip replacement was similar to the overall costs.Conclusion The total costs for total hip replacement (unilateral and bilateral total hip replacement) in 2010 were lower than those of 2005,which might be the result of adopting Clinical Pathway since 2010.Nevertheless,the prosthesis cost accounted for a large proportion in both years.Therefore,controlling the prosthesis cost might be an effective way to reduce medical costs for total hip replacement.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; Birth Weight ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; complications ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Objective To compare the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction ( POCD) under total inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane versus total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in elderly patients. Methods Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients, aged 65-77 yr, weighing 43-78 kg, with preoperative Mini?Mental State Examination ( MMSE) score≥25, scheduled for elective surgery for oral and maxillofacial carcinoma, were divided into 2 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table: total inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane group ( group S) and total intravenous anesthesia with propofol?based anesthesia group ( group P ) . The patients were tracheally intuba?ted under local infiltration anesthesia. In group S, anesthesia was induced with inhalation of 8% sevoflurane (oxygen flow rate 8 L∕min), rocuronium 0?9 mg∕kg was injected intravenously when the bispectral index ( BIS) value reached 45, and the patients were mechanically ventilated; anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane with the end?tidal concentration of 2%-3%. In group P , anesthesia was induced with iv propofol 2 mg∕kg and sufentanil 0?3μg∕kg, rocuronium 0?9 mg∕kg was injected intravenously when the BIS value reached 45, and the patients were mechanically ventilated; anesthesia was maintained with target?controlled infusion of propofol ( target plasma concentration 3-5μg∕ml) and remifentanil ( target plas?ma concentration 3-5 ng∕ml). In both groups, intermittent iv boluses of cisatracurium 0?04 mg∕kg were given to maintain muscle relaxation during operation, and BIS value was maintained at 40-60 during opera?tion. Before intubation ( T1 ) , immediately after onset of intubation ( T2 ) , at 10 min of intubation ( T3 ) , immediately after begninning of skin incision ( T4 ) , while operating on the base of tongue or sawing the low?er jaw ( T5 ) , at the end of operation ( T6 ) and on the morning of the postoperative day 1 ( T7 ) , blood sam?ples from the elbow vein were collected for determination of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concen?trations by high?performance liquid chromatography and electrochemistry. At T1?7 and on the morning of the postoperative day 3 ( T8 ) , blood samples from the elbow vein were collected for measurement of plasma cor?tisol concentrations by radioimmunoassay. MMSE was used to assess the cognitive function on the postopera?tive day 7. MMSE score< 24 was defined as POCD, and the occurrence of POCD was recorded. Results Compared with group S, the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were significantly de?creased at T4 and T5 , the plasma cortisol concentration was significantly decreased at T4?7 ( P<0?05) , and no significant change was found in the incidence of POCD on the postoperative day 7 in group P ( P>0?05) . Conclusion Although the probability of the development of POCD is low when the two anesthetic methods are used, total intravenous anesthesia with propofol?based anesthesia induces a marked decrease in periop?erative stress responses when compared with total inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane.

Adult ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; Male ; Neurofibroma ; Vocal Cords ; pathology

Air ; analysis ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Ketones ; analysis ; Workplace

Objective: Through comparing the hospitalization costs of total knee replacement (TKR) in People’s Hospital of Peking University in 2005 and 2010, to investigate the changing status of hospitalization costs on this operation and the impact of clinical pathway ( CP ) on controlling the hospitalization costs during 5 years , and provide references for controlling medical treatment cost reasonably. Methods: The patients are grouped into undergoing unilateral and bilateral TKR. The total hospitalization cost and cost of each category during 5 years are compared, and SAS 9.2 statistic software is applied to deal the data. Results: Compared with 2005, the total cost for TKR in 2010 decreased. All the charging items decreased, except implant material increased, especially the cost of surgery, hospital room, nursing and pharmacy. Specific to one knee replacement group and both knees replacement, the changing trend of cost is coincident with the total cost. Conclusion: The total cost for TKR in 2010 was lower than that of 2005, which might be the result of adopting CP since 2010. Nevertheless, the implant material cost accounted large proportion of hospitalization cost in 2010, and it has obvious increasing trend compared to 2005. This result is related the increasing application of the new edition of Artificial knee joint prosthesis. Controlling implant material cost is the effective method of decreasing medical costs for TKR.

Objective To investigate and analyze the resources of radiotherapy in Beijing,in order to provide reference for the subject development,resources allocation and professional training of radiotherapy.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted by on-site inspection,supplemented by telephone or e-mail investigation among the 33 hospitals with radiotherapy facilities to know the current status of distribution of radiotherapy institutions,radiotherapy facilities,human resources and number of patients treated.Results There were 52 linear accelerators,1 spiral CT machine,and 2 intraoperative radiotherapy machines in these 33 hospitals up to June 2010.Three-dimensional conformal or stereotaetic radiotherapy was carried out in 31 hospitals,intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)in 19,image guided radiation therapy(IGRT)in 6,and volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMRT)in 2.The number of professional personnel(except nurses)was 495,including 214 radiation oncologists,78 radiotherapy physicists,and 203 radiotherapy technologists,and those with senior professional titles accounted for 52.3%,17.9%,and 1.5%,respectively.Conclusions Compared to the national level,the radiotherapy resources level is higher in Beijing,but the distribution of resources is imbalanced.The resource allocation should be optimized and training of the personnel should be strengthened so as to meet the growing needs of patients.

Objective To examine the effect of donepezil on cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease from a naturalistic observation in memory clinic.Methods From the subject pool in memory clinic,thirteen patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease(meeting NINCDS-ADRDA criteria of probable AD)were enrolled in the naturalistic observation.Donepezil with dosage of 5 mg daily Was administered.Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument (CASI)Was used to assess the cognitive function,and was administered at baseline,3 and 6 months after treatment with donepezil.Resuits After 6-month treatment with donepezil,the change of score of verbal fluency from baseline Was significant[(4.3±3.1)vs(6.2±2.7),P＜0.05].There was a trend that constructional praxis was also improved after 6-month treatment(P=0.06).The change of scores of other cognitive domains remained the sanle(P＞0.05).Conclusion In the naturalistic observation at memory chnic,donepezil may improve verbal fluency of AD patients,and keep most cognitive function stable.

This paper expatiates the application of classification, clustering-based data mining technology to Clinical Laboratory Information System (CLIS) with the introduction of the concepts of CLIS and data mining.