Thirteen female swimmers (ranging in age from 15 to 18 years) were selected as subjects and divided into two groups; group A (subjects of experiment) consisted of six subjects in whom low pressure was loaded and group B (subjects of control) consisted of seven in whom low pressure was not given.
During training, circuit weight training was performed in a low pressure environment and it was combined with conventional swimming training. We studied the effect of these types of training on their red-cell 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, salivary cortisol, and plasma testosterone.
(1) The 2, 3-DPG level showed a greater increase after loading exercise than at the time of resting in both groups A and B. The increase was highly significant in group A. Additionally, 10 days after the removal of the loading, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were significantly decreased in groups A and B, and a significant increase in 2, 3-DPG was observed in group A.
(2) Only after loading low pressure was the cortisol level higher in group A than in group B. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the amount of exercise loading when heart rate was used as the index.
(3) Testosterone tended to show a greater increase after exercise loading than on the first day of the experiment. However, neither an effect of exposure to low pressure on testosterone nor a significant difference between the two groups was observed.
According to the results, in swimming, an endurance contest, physical changes during training are almost the same in group A and B, but it is considered that a concurrent severe hypoxic condition as a result of low pressure loading brings about homeostasis in the living body and the homeostasis leads to an attempt to increase oxygen uptake by the tissues, yeilding increased staying power.

We determined the release of β-endorphin and prolactin into the blood, before and after 60-minute exercise of acute cycle ergometer in five healthy students and three athletes. This exercise induced an increase in circulating mean β-endorphin level [basal to after exercise level, 14.9±0.7 (mean±SE) pg/ml→57.1±17.0 pg/ml : p<0.05] and mean prolactin level [9.4±0.7 ng/ml→9.1±3.1 ng/ml : p<0.01] . There was a significant correlation between β-endorphin and prolactin values in all samples (r=0.892: p<0.01 : n=32) . Athletes tended to release greater amounts of β-endorphin and prolactin into the blood than students after acute exercise.
We find that acute exercise stimulates release of β-endorphin and prolactin in parallel and athletes have increased plasma β-endorphin and prolactin after acute exercise.

We determined the release of β-endorphin and prolactin into the blood, before and after 60-minute exercise of acute cycle ergometer in five healthy students and three athletes. This exercise induced an increase in circulating mean β-endorphin level [basal to after exercise level, 14.9±0.7 (mean±SE) pg/ml→57.1±17.0 pg/ml : p<0.05] and mean prolactin level [9.4±0.7 ng/ml→9.1±3.1 ng/ml : p<0.01] . There was a significant correlation between β-endorphin and prolactin values in all samples (r=0.892: p<0.01 : n=32) . Athletes tended to release greater amounts of β-endorphin and prolactin into the blood than students after acute exercise.
We find that acute exercise stimulates release of β-endorphin and prolactin in parallel and athletes have increased plasma β-endorphin and prolactin after acute exercise.

No abstract available.
Carcinosarcoma*

OBJECTIVE: Agonists of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been developed as potential therapeutic drugs for neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive brain imaging technique to measure receptor occupancy in the living human brain. Although much effort has been expended to create specific PET radioligands for alpha7-nAChRs in the brain, only 4-[11C]methylphenyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2.]nonane-4-carboxylate ([11C]CHIBA-1001) is currently available for clinical studies. In contrast, two 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, tropisetron and ondansetron, have been used to treat patients with chemotherapy-induced or postoperative nausea and vomiting. Furthermore, tropisetron, but not ondansetron, possesses high affinity for alpha7-nAChRs. In the present study, we evaluated the receptor occupancy in the human brain after a single oral administration of tropisetron and ondansetron using [11C]CHIBA-1001 and PET. METHODS: Two serial dynamic PET scans using [11C]CHIBA-1001 in healthy non-smoking male subjects were performed before and after receiving an oral administration of these medications. RESULTS: A single oral administration of tropisetron, but not ondansetron, decreased the total distribution volume of [11C]CHIBA-1001 in the human brain. CONCLUSION: This study shows that tropisetron, but not ondansetron, could bind to alpha7-nAChRs in the human brain after a single oral administration. Therefore, [11C]CHIBA-1001 may be a useful PET radioligand to measure the occupancy of alpha7-nAChRs in the human brain.
Administration, Oral ; Alzheimer Disease ; Brain ; Electrons ; Humans ; Indoles ; Male ; Neuroimaging ; Ondansetron ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; Schizophrenia

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 404 patients who underwent corrective fusion surgery for ASD with a minimum 2-year follow-up. We studied cases of reoperation for postoperative rod fractures and investigated surgical procedure, intraoperative findings, clinical course, and rod refracture following revision surgery. Results: Rod fracture was observed in 88 patients (21.8%). Fifty-three patients (average age, 68.3 years; average blood loss, 502.2 mL [% estimated blood volume=16.4%]; and operation time, 203.3 minutes) who suffered from a rod fracture at an average of 28.3 months after the primary operation underwent reoperation. Surgical invasiveness had no significant differences in total or partial rod replacement; however, the procedures with and without an anterior bone graft significantly differed. The replaced rod refractured at an average of 35.3 months after the revision surgery of five patients. The rod also refractured at a level outside multiple rods in two patients and with traumatic episodes in three patients. Three patients had bone grafts in the anterior column. Conclusions Revision surgery involving a multirod with a posterior-only approach for a rod fracture that occurred after ASD was performed successfully. Bone grafting in the anterior column is unnecessary for patients without massive bone defects.

Methods: We examined the data of AIS patients with Lenke type 1 curves who underwent posterior fusion surgery in a retrospective manner. PSI was defined as a 2-year postoperative absolute radiographic shoulder height (RSH) of ≥2 cm. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of PSI and the level of their upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) (UIV at T2 or T3 [U-UIV] or UIV below T3 [L-UIV]). The radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes were compared, and the cutoff values of risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis. Results: Of 104 patients, 21 (20.2%) had left shoulder elevation PSI. The PSI group had a significantly greater preoperative RSH (−5.1 mm vs. −14.3 mm) and main thoracic (MT) curve correction rate (77.3% vs. 69.1%) than the non-PSI group. The PSI incidence did not differ between the U-UIV and L-UIV groups. Multivariate analysis identified preoperative RSH and the MT curve correction rate as independent risk factors for PSI. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified the preoperative RSH cutoff value as −6.5 mm and MT curve correction rate cutoff value as 76.9%. Conclusions Even in AIS patients with Lenke type 1 curves, the incidence of PSI was relatively high (20.2%). Patients with preoperative lower right shoulder elevation (i.e., RSH >−6.5 mm) had a higher risk of PSI regardless of UIV level when the MT curve showed a higher correction rate (i.e., correction rate >76.9%).

Methods: Adult volunteers aged over 50 years were included in the study after participating in the screening program. Characteristic data and standing radiographic parameters were assessed. A propensity score model was established with adjustments for age and sex after a preliminary analysis, and cases were divided into DLS (Cobb angle >10°) and non-DLS (Cobb angle ≤10°) groups. Results: There were significant differences in age, sex, C2 sagittal vertical axis (C2-SVA), C7-SVA, T1 pelvic angle (TPA), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), PI minus LL (PI–LL), knee angle, ankle angle, pelvic shift, C7-center sacral vertical line, L4 tilt, femur-tibia angle, and hip-knee-ankle angle (all p <0.05) using a preliminary analysis of 261 cases (75 DLS and 186 non-DLS). A one-to-one propensity score-matched analysis was used after 70 pairs of cases were selected. There were no significant differences in the characteristic data for lower extremity parameters. There were still significantly higher values of C2-SVA, TPA, PI, PT, and PI–LL in DLS group than in non-DLS group (all p <0.05). Conclusions This study showed an important relationship between DLS and sagittal spinal deformity. However, DLS was not associated with the sagittal and coronal lower extremity alignments.

Background/Aims: Rosemont classification (RC) with en-doscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is important for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis (CP) but is based only on subjective judgement. EUS shear wave measurement (EUS-SWM) is a precise modality based on objective judgment, but its usefulness has not been extensively studied yet. This study evaluated the utility of EUS-SWM for diagnosing CP and esti-mating CP severity by determining the presence of endocrine dysfunction along with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Between June 2018 and December 2018, 52 patients who underwent EUS and EUS-SWM were classified into two groups according to RC: non-CP (indeterminate CP and normal) and CP (consistent and suggestive of CP). The EUSSWM value by shear wave velocity was evaluated with a me-dian value. The EUS-SWM value was compared with RC and the number of EUS features. The diagnostic accuracy and cutoff value of EUS-SWM for CP and DM and its sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: The EUS-SWM value significantly positively correlated with the RC and the number of EUS features. The EUS-SWM values that were consistent and suggestive of CP were significantly higher than that of normal. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-SWM for CP was 0.97. The cutoff value of 2.19 had 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity. For endocrine dysfunction in CP, the AUROC was 0.75. The cutoff value of 2.78 had 70% sensitiv-ity and 56% specificity. Conclusions EUS-SWM provides an objective assessment and can be an alternative diagnostic tool for diagnosing CP. EUS-SWM may also be useful for pre-dicting the presence of endocrine dysfunction.

Objective: The addition of maintenance olaparib to bevacizumab demonstrated a significant progression-free survival (PFS) benefit in patients with newly diagnosed, advanced ovarian cancer in the PAOLA-1/ENGOT-ov25 trial (NCT02477644). We evaluated maintenance olaparib plus bevacizumab in the Japan subset of PAOLA-1. Methods: PAOLA-1 was a randomized, double-blind, phase III trial. Patients received maintenance olaparib tablets 300 mg twice daily or placebo twice daily for up to 24 months, plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks for up to 15 months in total. This prespecified subgroup analysis evaluated investigator-assessed PFS (primary endpoint). Results: Of 24 randomized Japanese patients, 15 were assigned to olaparib and 9 to placebo. After a median follow-up for PFS of 27.7 months for olaparib plus bevacizumab and 24.0 months for placebo plus bevacizumab, median PFS was 27.4 versus 19.4 months, respectively (hazard ratio [HR]=0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.11–1.00). In patients with tumors positive for homologous recombination deficiency, the HR for PFS was 0.57 (95% CI=0.16–2.09). Adverse events in the Japan subset were generally consistent with those of the PAOLA-1 overall population and with the established safety and tolerability profiles of olaparib and bevacizumab. Conclusion: Results in the Japan subset of PAOLA-1 support the overall conclusion of the PAOLA-1 trial demonstrating that the addition of maintenance olaparib to bevacizumab provides a PFS benefit in patients with newly diagnosed, advanced ovarian cancer.