The purpose of the present study was to derive regression equation based on anthropometric measurements to estimate pulmonary residual volume (RV) and to ascertain its applicability in calculation of body density (BD) . Subjects were 30 males and 25 females living in Santa Barbara, California, USA, ranging in age 17 to 52 years.
Nine anthropometric measurements, actual RV, vital capacity (VC), and BD using the conventional underwater weighing method were made on each subject. In males four measurements (age, height, biiliac diameter, and chest diameter) were selected by Wherry-Doolittle test selection method. Likewise, four measurements (height, age, shoulder circumference, and chest diameter) were selected in females. The prediction formulas obtained by using these measurements were as follows:
(1) RV=38.89 (X1) +30.43 (X2) -12.43 (X3) +10.70 (X4) -4573.4 (formales)
(R=0.832, SEE =251.9 ml)
where RV: predicted RV (ml), X1: age (years), X2: height (cm), X3: biiliac diameter (mm), X4: chest diameter (mm), R: multiple correlation coefficient, SEE: standard error of estimation.
(2) RV=26.21 (X1) +8.71 (X2) -4.71 (X3) +12.94 (X4) -1284.2 (for females)
(R=0.768, SEE =225.9 ml)
where X1: height (cm), X2: age (years), X3: shoulder circumference (mm), X4: chest diameter (mm) .
When these formulas were used to calculate RV, mean absolute differences between BDs obtained by using measured and the predicted RVs were 0.00331 g/cm³ for males and 0.00353 g/cm³ for females. On the other hand, the absolute differences using the formula of Goldman and Becklake, the fractions of VC, and the constant values were 0.0047 g/cm³, 0.00763 g/cm³, and 0.00787 g/cm³ for males, 0.00642 g/cm³, 0.00646 g/cm³, and 0.00620 g/cm³ for females respectively.
It was concluded that using the formulas obtained in the present study to predict RV would be a useful method in the situation where mass management were nessesary and more precise measurements were required than the other simplified estimations. Because in predicting RV our formulas could largely diminish the extent of the potential error as compared with the other predictions. In addition they would not require special knowledge, technique, and devises.

This study was designed to investigate the relationships between the tendencies of Type A behavior pattern (TABP) and daily sports activity for college students, under a hypothesis that daily physical training weakens the TABP tendencies. A total of 2587 students in Japanese colleges volunteered. They were divided into two groups ; an athlete group and a non-athlete group. KG's Daily Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the tendency of TABP. The athlete group showed higher TABP scores than those of the non-athlete group. Additionally, the higher competition level group showed higher scores of TABP than those of the lower level group. Contrary to the hypothesis, the athlete group showed higher TABP tendencies than those of the non-athlete group. This result might be caused by several factors, such as the nature of competition, high levels of stress involved in competitive sports and/or specific backgrounds of Japanese college sports clubs.

This study was designed to investigate the relationships between the tendencies toward Type A behavior pattern (TABP) and sports injuries. A total of 2164 (1631 males and 533 females) athletes from several colleges in Japan, volunteered for this study. They were divided into two groups ; an injury group and a non-injury group. KG's Daily Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the tendency of TABP. Our hypothesis was that Type A individuals showed higher occurrences of sports injury than Type B individuals. Most of the results in this study supported our hypothesis. To put it concretely, the injury group showed higher TABP tendency than the non-injury group. And the higher TABP score group showed higher occurrence of injury experiences than those of low score group. Therefore, there was a possibility that TABP tendency of athletes might be one of the informations to prevent sports injuries.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the low back pain of college students and psychological factors by using a questionnaire for low back pains and five psychological tests. The tests consisted of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Purpose in Life (PIL) test, Hassles Scale for students and Type A test. The subjects were 337 college students (126 male, 211 female) ranging in age from 19 to 22 (mean ± SD: 20.2 ± 1.3) years. Seventy-four subjects whose lower back pain was thought to be caused by organic factors were excluded. The 263 subjects (102 males, 161 females, mean ± SD: 20.1 ± 1.1 years) were divided into three groups (NP: subjects with no pain, PND: subjects with pain but no difficulties in daily life, PD: subjects with pain and difficulties in daily life) by degrees of low back pain. The PD subjects showed a more negative attitude than those in the PND and/or NP groups for four tests, i.e., Hassles Scale and the psychosomatic component of the HSCL and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory tests. It was suggested that low back pain was related to psychological factors such as stress and anxiety.