OBJECTIVE To study the clinical feature of nosocomial infection and analyze the correlative reasons,to offer the scientific theory basis for preventing and controlling the nosocomial infection. METHODS A retrospective survey was undertaken in the data of hospitalized cases during 2007. RESULTS Totally 2325 nosocomial infections in 54 505 patients were analyzed in 2007.The infection rate of nosocomial infection was 4.27%;the highest infection rate was in ICU(33.57%);the infection sites were different in distinct departments and the most common infection site was lower respiratory tract(27.19%);among pathogens isolated from nosocomial infection cases,48.05% of them were Gram-negatives,23.25% were virus,14.45% were fungi,and 14.15% were Gram-positives;the infection rate was diverse in different months. CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial infection rate is related to different underlying diseases;there are many effective actions to reduce the nosocomial infection,such as strengthening the nosocomial infection management,using the antibacterial drugs reasonably and preventing communicable diseases prevalence.

AIM: To observe the change of nitric oxide (NO) generation system in the vascular adventitia, media and intima in septic shock rats. METHODS: The septic shock model was made in rats by caecal ligation and puncture. The intima, media and adventitia of the rat aorta were separated. NO production (NO - 2) , nitric oxide synthase(NOS) activity and L-arginine (L-Arg) transport were measured, separately. Inducible NOS (iNOS) distribution was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Both in early and late stage of septic shock, NO - 2 from the intima was decreased by 66.1% and 78.9%( P

Objective:To analyze the relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension among steel workers.Methods:We conducted a survey among 7 660 production workers (7 023 males and 637 females) in a large steel mill during February-June 2017 and March-July 2018. Basic information, blood pressure, occupational history and high temperature data in workplace were collected through questionnaire survey, physical measurement and occupational exposure detection. Restrictive cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension, and the correlation between cumulative high temperature exposure and workers' hypertension was analyzed by logistic regression.Results:The median number of cumulative high temperature exposure was 626.56 ℃·year and 49.20% of workers were exposed to high temperature. The hypertension prevalence rate was 25.60% among the workers. According to the results of the spline model, the cumulative high temperature exposure was divided into three sections: <292.61, 292.61~<720.13, ≥720.13 ℃·year. Taking the exposure <292.61 ℃·year group as a reference, the risk of steel workers' hypertension in the 292.61~<720.13 ℃·year group and ≥720.13 ℃·year group is 1.44 and 2.17 times that of the reference group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and steelworkers' hypertension. With the increase of cumulative high temperature exposure, the risk of steelworkers' hypertension increases.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension among steel workers.Methods:We conducted a survey among 7 660 production workers (7 023 males and 637 females) in a large steel mill during February-June 2017 and March-July 2018. Basic information, blood pressure, occupational history and high temperature data in workplace were collected through questionnaire survey, physical measurement and occupational exposure detection. Restrictive cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension, and the correlation between cumulative high temperature exposure and workers' hypertension was analyzed by logistic regression.Results:The median number of cumulative high temperature exposure was 626.56 ℃·year and 49.20% of workers were exposed to high temperature. The hypertension prevalence rate was 25.60% among the workers. According to the results of the spline model, the cumulative high temperature exposure was divided into three sections: <292.61, 292.61~<720.13, ≥720.13 ℃·year. Taking the exposure <292.61 ℃·year group as a reference, the risk of steel workers' hypertension in the 292.61~<720.13 ℃·year group and ≥720.13 ℃·year group is 1.44 and 2.17 times that of the reference group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and steelworkers' hypertension. With the increase of cumulative high temperature exposure, the risk of steelworkers' hypertension increases.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the differences in the autophagy activity of alveolar macrophages between patients with different stages of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP).

METHODSA total of 116 coal workers were investigated in the field. Their lung lavage fluid was collected and purified to obtain alveolar macrophages. The morphological characteristics of autophagy were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of autophagy marker (LC3) and autophagy regulators (Beclin1, mTOR, and p-mTOR) was measured by Western blot. The autophagy activity of alveolar macrophages was compared between dust-exposed subjects and patients with stage I, II, and III CWP.

RESULTSThe autophagy activity of alveolar macrophages differed between patients with different stages of CWP, according to transmission electron microscopy. Patients with stage II CWP had significantly higher protein expression of LC3 II/I and Beclin1 in pulmonary macrophages than those with stage ICWP (P < 0.05); patients with stage III CWP had significantly lower protein expression of LC3 II/I and Beclin1 in pulmonary macrophages than those with stage II CWP (P < 0.05), but had significantly higher protein expression of LC3 II/I and Beclin1 than those with stage I CWP (P < 0.05); patients with stage II CWP had a significantly higher protein expression of Beclin1 than the dust-exposed subjects (P < 0.05). Patients with stage II CWP had significantly lower expression of mTOR and p-mTOR in pulmonary macrophages than the dust-exposed subjects and those with stage I CWP (P < 0.05), while patients with stage III CWP had significantly higher expression of mTOR and p-mTOR than those with stage II CWP (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe autophagy activity of alveolar macrophages varies between patients with different stages of CWP.

Anthracosis ; pathology ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; metabolism ; Autophagy ; Beclin-1 ; Biomarkers ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Coal ; Coal Mining ; Dust ; Humans ; Macrophages, Alveolar ; pathology ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Occupational Exposure ; Pneumoconiosis ; pathology

Objective: To explore the influence of heat and noise exposure on the risk of hypertension in workers,and to provide evidence for prevention of hypertension in occupational population. Methods: Cluster sampling method was used to recruit 2 130 steel workers from four factories（north iron-making,long steel,cold steel and power department）of some steel company. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect physical examination results,heat and noise exposure. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the effects of noise,heat and their interaction on hypertension. Results: Totally 1 971 valid questionnaires were collected,and the response rate was 92.54%. There were 654 workers suffering from hypertension,with a prevalence rate of 33.18%. There were 1 006 workers exposed to noise,accounting for 51.04%;and 853 workers exposed to heat,accounting for 43.28%. The prevalence rates of hypertension in workers exposed to noise and heat were higher than those in workers without the above exposure（P<0.05）. The prevalence rates of hypertension increased with the increase of age and working years（P<0.05）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that noise（OR=1.711,95%CI：1.380-2.121）,heat（OR=1.721,95%CI：1.394-2.125）were risk factors for hypertension;the interaction between noise and heat on hypertension was not statistically significant（P>0.05）,while the interaction between noise and age（OR=1.086,95%CI：1.057-1.115）,between heat and age（OR=1.087,95%CI：1.059-1.115）both increased the risk of hypertension. Conclusion Occupational exposure to heat and noise are risk factors for hypertension. These two occupational hazards also interact with age,which can increase the risk of hypertension in workers.

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of tumor necrosis factor( TNF)-α and its receptor( TNFR) signal transduction pathways in regulating cell apoptosis of alveolar macrophage( AM) in coal workers' pneumoconiosis( CWP).METHODS: Twenty-four coal workers with pneumoconiosis at stage Ⅰ were selected as CWP group and four observation subjects exposed to coal were chosen as observation group by using simple random sampling method. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of whole-lung lavage of two groups were collected. AMs were separated and purified. Then they were divided into 6 groups: a control group,a superoxide dismutase( SOD) group,a TNF/TNFR group,an anti-TNF-α antibody group,a Caspase-8 suppression group and a nuclear factor-κB( NF-κB) suppression group. The AMs of 6 groups with corresponding treatment were cultivated. After 24 hours,the cells were harvested and proteins extracted. The relative expression of TNF-α,TNFR1,TNFR2,Caspase-8,Caspase-3,NF-κB P50 and NF-κB P65 protein was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: The protein relative expression of TNF-α,TNFR2,Caspase-8,Caspase-3,NF-κB P50 and NF-κB P65 in CWP group was significantly higher than those in the observation group( P < 0. 05). The protein relative expression of TNF-α,TNFR1,Caspase-8,Caspase-3 and NF-κB P50 in the TNF/TNFR group and the anti-TNF-αantibody group was lower than that of the control group( P < 0. 05). The above indexes in the anti-TNF-α antibody group were lower than that of the NF-κB suppression group( P < 0. 05). The protein relative expression of TNFR1,Caspase-8and Caspase-3 in the TNF/TNFR group was higher than that of the SOD group and the Caspase-8 suppression group( P <0. 05). The protein relative expression of TNFR1,Caspase-8 and NF-κB P50 in the TNF/TNFR group was lower than that of the NF-κB suppression group( P < 0. 05). Among the CWP patients,the relative expression of TNFR2 and NF-κB P65 in the TNF/TNFR group was lower than that of the control group( P < 0. 05),and higher than that of the SOD group( P <0. 05). CONCLUSION: AM apoptosis mediated by TNF-α/TNFR/NF-κB signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the occurrence and development of CWP. The TNF-α/TNFR/NF-κB signal transduction pathways inhibited or blocked at different stages can affect the expression of proteins related to AM apoptosis.

Objective:To investigate the association between occupational stress and carotid atherosclerosis among the workers in a steel plant.Methods:In October 2018, a total of 2947 workers from a steel plant, who underwent occupational health examination in the center for occupational health examination from March to May 2017, were selected as subjects. Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) were used to investigate the job content and the degree of occupational stress. According to the results of carotid artery examination, the subjects were divided into normal carotid artery group with 2013 workers, increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) group with 277 workers, stable plaque group with 236 workers, and unstable plaque group with 421 workers. A unified questionnaire was distributed to each group, and related physical and biochemical examinations were performed. A multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the risk factors for unstable plaque.Results:There were significant differences between the groups in sex, educational level, marital status, work in shifts, smoking, drinking, age, and working years ( P<0.05) , while there was no significant difference in exercise between groups ( P>0.05) . Based on the JCQ score, 761 (25.8%) had no stress, 959 (32.5%) had mild stress, 699 (23.7%) had moderate stress, and 528 (17.9%) had severe stress; based on the ERI score, 2526 (85.7%) had high effort and low reward and 421 (14.3%) did not have the high-effort and low-reward conditions. There was a significant difference in the composition of JCQ and ERI scores between groups ( P<0.05) . Moderate stress (odds ratio [ OR]=1.695) , severe stress ( OR=5.443) , ERI ( OR=7.391) , work in shift ( OR=1.784) , old age ( OR=1.009) , high systolic blood pressure ( OR=1.105) , high fasting blood glucose ( OR=1.212) , abnormal total cholesterol ( OR=3.693) , abnormal apolipoprotein B ( OR=39.215) , and abnormal high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( OR=1.632) were the risk factors for unstable plaque. Conclusion:Occupational stress may be involved in the development of carotid atherosclerosis.

Objective:To investigate the association between occupational stress and carotid atherosclerosis among the workers in a steel plant.Methods:In October 2018, a total of 2947 workers from a steel plant, who underwent occupational health examination in the center for occupational health examination from March to May 2017, were selected as subjects. Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) were used to investigate the job content and the degree of occupational stress. According to the results of carotid artery examination, the subjects were divided into normal carotid artery group with 2013 workers, increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) group with 277 workers, stable plaque group with 236 workers, and unstable plaque group with 421 workers. A unified questionnaire was distributed to each group, and related physical and biochemical examinations were performed. A multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the risk factors for unstable plaque.Results:There were significant differences between the groups in sex, educational level, marital status, work in shifts, smoking, drinking, age, and working years ( P<0.05) , while there was no significant difference in exercise between groups ( P>0.05) . Based on the JCQ score, 761 (25.8%) had no stress, 959 (32.5%) had mild stress, 699 (23.7%) had moderate stress, and 528 (17.9%) had severe stress; based on the ERI score, 2526 (85.7%) had high effort and low reward and 421 (14.3%) did not have the high-effort and low-reward conditions. There was a significant difference in the composition of JCQ and ERI scores between groups ( P<0.05) . Moderate stress (odds ratio [ OR]=1.695) , severe stress ( OR=5.443) , ERI ( OR=7.391) , work in shift ( OR=1.784) , old age ( OR=1.009) , high systolic blood pressure ( OR=1.105) , high fasting blood glucose ( OR=1.212) , abnormal total cholesterol ( OR=3.693) , abnormal apolipoprotein B ( OR=39.215) , and abnormal high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( OR=1.632) were the risk factors for unstable plaque. Conclusion:Occupational stress may be involved in the development of carotid atherosclerosis.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of pre-diabetes mellitus (PDM) and the impact of occupation-related factors on PDM, among workers from a steel company in Tangshan city, Hebei province.Methods:Clustering sampling method was used to select a steel company and to carry out occupational health-related physical checkup programs for eligible workers who had working in this company for longer than one year. The study began in February and ended up in June, 2017. Workers who were with FPG level as ≤6.9 mmol/L, and free from diabetes, were selected as the subjects for this study. Questionnaires were used and physical examinations and FPG testing conducted.Results:The total number of subjects in this study was 4 173, of which 2 648 appeared as pre-diabetic, with the prevalence rate as 63.4 %. Increase of the PDM prevalence was in parallel with the length of service, among the workers. The risk for the pre-diabetes in those who worked more than 8 hours per day was 1.696 times higher than those who worked less than or equal to 8 h/d (95 %CI:1.517-1.937). Compared with those workers without exposures to heat, noise or carbon monoxides, the proportion of pre-diabetes appeared higher in workers exposed to heat, noise or CO with OR=1.782 (95 %CI: 1.205-2.636), 1.815 (95 %CI: 1.209-2.794) and 1.653 (95 %CI: 1.158-2.361), respectively. Risks for those who were exposed to heat or noise were higher than those who were free from exposure to any occupational hazards ( OR=2.098, 95 %CI: 1.296-3.397). Prevalence rates of pre-diabetes in those who were exposed to heat, noise or CO, were higher than that those who were not. Conclusion:Working hours and exposures to heat, noise or CO appeared as influential factors on PDM.