The parasitic infection is still a severe public health problem in developing countries，which threatens people’s health and social development. With the advances of molecular biology and immunology，more and more insights have been reached on the immunity and immunopathogenesis to parasitic infections. CD4+ T cells play a central role in the host’s immuno⁃ surveillance and immunoregulation. Traditionally，naive CD4+ T cells are considered to be able to differentiate into Th1 and Th2 cell subsets both in vivo and in vitro. These Th1 and Th2 cells secret diverse cytokine profiles to exert different functions. Later，two new subsets of CD4+ T cells，Th17 and Treg cells，have been discovered. They are completely different from traditional Th1 and Th2 cells with independent differentiation and regulation mechanism. Ample studies suggest that Treg and Th17 cells play a key role in a variety of parasitic diseases. Furthermore，Treg and Th17 cells have been got increasing attention for their involve⁃ment in the hygiene hypothesis. Based on the current advances of researches of Treg and Th17 cells，we make a brief review about immunomodulatory effects of these two subsets in parasitic infections as well as the hygiene hypothesis.

Objective To analyze the changes in platelet parameters and their influential factors in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular car-cinoma (HCC).Methods The clinical data of 602 cirrhotic patients with HCC who were admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 201 1 to December 2012,as well as 200 cirrhotic patients hospitalized during the same period,were collected.Statistical analy-sis was performed using SPSS 19.0.Normally distributed continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation;comparison be-tween two groups was made by t test,and comparison between multiple groups was made by analysis of variance.Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median and interquartile range (P25 -P75 );comparison between groups was made by rank sum test.Results Com-pared with the cirrhotic group,the HCC group had significantly higher platelet count (PLT)and plateletcrit (PCT)(t=5.019,P=0.000;t=5.017,P=0.000)and a significantly lower mean platelet volume (MPV)/PLT (t=5.877,P=0.000);there were no significant differences in MPV and platelet distribution width between the two groups (t=-0.942,P=0.347;t=-1.040,P=0.298).The receiv-er operating characteristic (ROC)analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.636 for PLT,0.633 for PCT,and 0.639 for MPV/PLT in the diagnosis of HCC in cirrhotic patients.Decreases in PLT and PCT were closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV)infec-tion.Patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis had significantly higher PLT and PCT than those with Child-Pugh class B and C cirrhosis (P<0.01);patients with a maximum tumor diameter of≥5 cm had significantly higher PLT and PCT than those with maximum tumor di-ameters of2-5 cm and≤2 cm (P<0.01).Patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis had a significantly lower MPV/PLT than those with Child-Pugh class B and C cirrhosis (P<0.01);patients with a maximum tumor diameter of≥5 cm had a significantly lower MPV/PLT than those with maximum tumor diameters of2-5 cm and≤2 cm (P<0.01).Conclusion PLT,PCT,and MPV/PLT can be used in the auxiliary diagnosis of HCC in cirrhotic patients,which are related to HCV,Child-Pugh classification,and tumor size.

Objective To observe the suppression of special shRNA producing plasmid to hepatitis B virus(HBV) S gene and C gene on HBV replication and expression in HepG2.2.15 cells.Methods pSilenceCircle-U6 including pol Ⅲ promoter was used to construct HBV special shRNA producing plasmid as SC-S and SC-C.The experimental groups included SC-S group,SC-C group,unrelated control SC-N group and blank control group.With different dosages and at different time,shRNA producing plasmid was transfected into HepG2.2.15 cells.HBeAg and HBsAg in the culture media was detected by ELISA assay and HBV DNA in the culture media was measured by dot blotting assay. Results The recombinant shRNA producing plasmid with target sequence was constructed successfully.The inhibitory rates of HBeAg and HBsAg expressions by SC-S were much higher than those by SC-C.The inhibitory effects of HBeAg and HBsAg expressions were increased when the dose of SC-S was greater.The inhibitory effects of HBeAg and HBsAg expressions by SC-S were significant on the 3rd day after transfection and the inhibitory effect was the strongest on the 6th day.The inhibitory rate was still higher on the 9th day after transfection.Dot blotting assay showed the inhibitory effect of HBV replication by SC-S was greater than that by SC-C.Conclusion The shRNA producing plasmid with HBV S gene and C gene can be highly effective to inhibit the replication and expression of HBV.

Objective To investigate the change of (NZB?NZW) F1 mice (BWF1) with ? 2 microglobulin deficiency and explore the role of ? 2 microglobulin in murine lupus.Methods ? 2 microglobulin knockout BWF1 mice were made according to the reference.The IgG type anti phospholipid antibodies.IgG type and anti dsDNA antibodies,rheumatoid factor,IgG and IgG3 were detected using ELISA.The survival rate,autoantibodies,IgG and IgG3 were compared between knockout mice (? 2m -/- ),wild type mice (? 2m +/+ ) and heterozygous mice (? 2m +/- ).Results ? 2m deficiency did not affect the survival rate of BWF1 mice.But the mortality of male BWF1 mice was lower than that of famale BWF1 mice.Antiphospholipid antibodies in ? 2m -/- BWF1 mice were lower than the wild type group and heterozygous group at month 4.Anti dsDNA antibodies had no difference between the three groups.RF was lower in ? 2m -/- BWF1 mice than ? 2m +/- and ? 2m +/+ BWF1 mice at month 4 and then elevated.At month 9 was higher than ? 2m +/- and ? 2m +/+ BWF1 mice significantly.As for the IgG,it was lower in ? 2m -/- BWF1 group than in ? 2m +/- and ? 2m +/+ BWF1 mice at months 4 and 6,and had no differnce between three groups.It minght be due to the severe proteinuria,ascites and hypoproteinemia.IgG3 was lower in ? 2m -/- BWF1 mice than in other groups,which only occur at month 6.Conclusion ? 2m knockout affects the murine lupus BWF1 in many ways,but not the survival rate.It affects the generation of autoantibodies mainly the antiphospholipid antibodies and RF.? 2m deficiency affects the function of neonatal FcR and results in IgG decreased because of difficult absorbent of IgG from gut and increased catabolism.

The circulating antigens of Schistosoma japonicum and the antibodies against the worm in the sera of patients were detected concurrently by Dot-ELISA.In 30 sera from patients with acute schistosomiasis, 51 sera from patients with chronic schistosomiasis and 30 sera from patients being treated by praziquantel 5=6 years ago, the positive rates of the circulating antigens were 86.7%, 78.4% and 23.3% respectively, but all negative in 30 sera from patients with clonorchiasis sinensis. One of the 40 sera from healthy individuals had a weak positive reaction. The positive rates of the antibodies in those acute, chronic and treated patients with schistosomiasis were 100.0%,96.1% and 30.0%; the mean titers of antibodies were 1 : 367.6, 1 : 181.7 and 1 : 9.8 respectively; Two sera from patients with clonorchiasis were positive. All of the healthy individuals were negative.The results indicaded that the circulating antigen was in accord with the antibodies in most sera from schistosomiasis patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in renal transplant recipients treated with induction therapy. Methods Eighty-nine cadaveric renal transplant recipients in our department were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 43) treated with alemtuzumab induction, 15 mg i. v. and control group (n = 46). Main immunosuppressive therapy regimen consisted of steroids, tacrolimus or cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil in all recipients. Post-transplant kidney function, acute rejection,infection, DGF, graft survival, lymphocyte counts were recorded within 1 year. ATP values in CD4+ T cells after transplantation was determined by using Cylex ImmuKnow assay. Results There was significant difference in the incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection, but no significant difference was found in ImmuKnow ATP values during 6 months after transplantation and lymphocyte counts during 3 months, graft survival and the incidence of infections between the two groups. Conclusion Induction therapy with alemtuzumab appeared to be effective in the prevention of acute rejection.

Objective To investigate the advantage of the intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment (IMRT) by allowing dose heterogeneity in the target volume in esophageal cancer treatment planning.Methods Two sets of 5-field IMRT planning were designed for 10 esophageal cancer patients upon the condition of appropriate clinical tolerance level with the prescription dose of 60 Gy to 95% of the planned target volume (PTV) and the maximum dose of 45 Gy to the spinal cord:the IMRT with rigid restriction of the maximum homogeneous dose to the PTV within 63 Gy prescribing a homogeneous dose ( IMRThom ) and the IMRT allowing dose heterogeneity by loosening the constraints on maximum dose in the PTV to 69 Gy ( IMRTinhom ).Dosimetric comparison was conducted by using dose-volume histograms.Results Compared to IMRThom, the minimum dose (t = -3.37,P =0.012), maximum dose (t = - 23.58,P = 0.000), mean dose ( t = - 4.95, P = 0.002 ), and heterogeneity index ( t = - 11.06, P =0.000) in PTV of the IMRTinhom were all significantly increased, and the values of V5 (t = 6.96, P =0.000), V10(t=5.24,P=0.001) , V15(t=4.73,P=0.002) , V20(t=8.08,P=0.000) , V25(t=8.58,P = 0.000), and mean dose (t = 7.28,P = 0.000) of the normal lungs were all significantly lower.There were no significant differences in all the indexes for the mean dose to the heart and maximum dose to the spinal cord between these 2 set of planning.Conclusions The IMRT plan allowing dose heterogeneity in the PTV escalates the prescription dose and decreases the doses to the lungs.

BACKGROUND: The number of living renal donation has increased in China and abroad, thus, it is important to guarantee the safety of donors. How to accurately diagnose potential renal disease and provide guidance plays an import role in protecting safety of living renal donors.OBJECTIVE: To establish an evaluation method for analyzing the correlation between histological abnormalities and clinical predonation parameters.METHODS: The related data on renal transplantation of Fuzhou general Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA were retrospectively reviewed. Paracentesis were performed when the vessels of kidney were mutilated and perfusions were finished. Time-zero renal biopsy was evaluated for following pathological changes: interstitial fibrosis, tubularatrophy, arteriolar hyalinosis, mesangial proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. Predonation data were demography, body weight, body mass index' systolic/diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no signs of kidney disease in preoperative examination of all the 62 patients, time-zero renal biopsy found there were 28 donors with histological changes, interstitial fibrosis with age and serum creatinine, tubularatrophy with diastolic blood pressure and protein excretion rate, arteriolar hyalinosis with serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate, mesangial proliferation only with body mass index, and finally the presence of glomerulosclerosis did not correlate with any variable.

Objective: To learn the characteristics of injury cases caused by animals in Wenzhou and to provide the reference for injury prevention. Methods: We collected the data of injury cases caused by animals in six sentinel hospitals in Wenzhou from 2016 to 2018,and analyzed the animal species,the severity and the location of injury. We conducted circular distribution method for the seasonal distribution features of injury cases. Results: There were 3 743 cases caused by animals in Wenzhou from 2016 to 2018,with 2 045（54.64%）males and 1 698（45.36%）females. About 43.68%（1 635）of cases were 15-44 years old. About 31.66%（1 185）of cases were students and preschool children. There were 2 445 cases（65.32%）caused by dog and 3 212 cases（85.81%）occurred at home. The results of circular distribution analysis showed that the third quarter of a year was the peak time of injuries caused by animals（Z=251.32,P<0.05）,with 1 342 cases accounting for 35.85%. Conclusion Most injury cases in Wenzhou caused by animals are caused by dogs and occur at home in summer,affecting children and young adults.

Objective To identify PDZ domain containing proteins interacting with PTEN and its characterization with NHERF-1 by proteomic analysis. Methods The interactions between PTEN and PDZ domain containing proteins were screened with PDZ protein array, and the novel one was then identified with GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Results Using a PDZ protein array, we proved PTEN binding with NHERF-1. The interaction of PTEN and NHERF-1 was further characterized by GST pull down assay, and we demonstrated that PTEN associated with NHERF-1 via the binding of PTEN carboxyl-terminal with the PDZ domain 1 (PDZ1) of NHERF-1. The last four amino acids (I-T-K-V) of the PTEN were the key determinants of this interaction as mutation of any of the four amino acids to alanine resulted in markedly reducing association of PTEN with NHERF-1. In addition, the full-length of PTEN robustly associated with NHERF-1 was also determined by co-immunoprecipitation experiment in cos-7 cells. Conclusion PTEN/NHERF-1 association was mediated via the binding of PTEN carboxyl-terminal]with the PDZ1 of NHERF-1, and the last four amino acids of the PTEN carboxyl-terminal were important for PTEN/NHERF-1 interaction.