Objective To longitudinally analyze the unit costs and technical efficiency of the model of male circumcision in the different kinds of persons .Methods Unit costs were calculated by the person and period using longitudinal data from 3 kinds of persons ,and then technical efficiency and Malmquist indices were measured with an approach to data envelopment analysis . Results Theunit costs for changing the willingness to accept surgery changed dramatically ,decreasing from 7 166 .67 yuan(mean) to 737 .31 yuan ,while the costs for changing the ratio of the surgery increased from 666 .64 yuan (mean) to 744 .58 yuan ,and its technical efficiency was averaging between 0 .95-0 .96 .Conclusion The time series of unit costs for changing the willingness to ac-cept surgery dramatically dropped ,while changing the ratio of the surgery formed a U-shape curve with an inflection point before which unit costs dramatically dropped and another inflection point beyond which unit costs went up .These findings can inform pro-gram managers of the changing unit costs when extending or expanding the program .

Objective To study the effects of lifestyle quantilization based-weight management on overweight or obesity police officers.Methods One hundred and seven overweight or obesity police officers received lifestyle quantilization based-weight management (i.e.Jinbi weight management) and were then assigned to the excellent performance group (group A,n =50),good performance group (group B,n =42)and loss to follow-up group (group C,n =15).Dietary habits,body weight,height,waist circumference (WC),blood pressure (BP),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were measured before and after the intervention.After 8 weeks' intervention,the changes of above parameters were recored.Student's t test was used for data analysis.Results Of group A and B,83 reported weight loss (group A t =13.31,group B t =5.04 ; both P ＜ 0.05).In group A,body weight,body mass index (BMI),WC,body fat and visceral fat index were significantly decreased,in contrast to body water (t values were 13.31,13.72,10.8,8.59,6.83 and-6.62,respectively; all P ＜ 0.05).However,there were no significant changes of BP,FPG,TC,TG,LDL-C and HDL-C in group A.Following intervention,daily dietary energy intake of group A was reduced by 74.1 k J,fat intake was decreased by 11.6 g,energy ratio of dietary fat was decreased by 1.8％,energy ratio of cereal was increased by 4.2％,and sodium chloride and cooking oil was decreased by 1.3 g and 10 g,respectively.Conclusion Lifestyle quantilization based-weight management shows effectiveness among overweight or obese police officers,and thus may be recommended for other functional communities.

Objective:To explorethe the clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of anastomotic pseudoaneurysm after renal transplantation caused by infection.Methods:Clinical data of 1 recipient with pseudoaneurysm after renal transplantation due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were retrospectively analysed and combined with a literature review. Results:At Month 2 post-transplantation, the recipient developed right lower abdominal pain, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination showed a pseudoaneurysm at the artery anastomosis. Anti-infection and anti-rejection therapy had no obvious effect, and therefore next surgical exploration was performed. A size4.0 cm×3.5cm pseudoaneurysm was found intraoperatively at the graft renal artery anastomosis.After graft was evaluated as having no preservation value, the transplanted kidney and pseudoaneurysm were resected. Bacterial culture indicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.The recipient recovered well and waited for next transplantation. Conclusions:Pseudoaneurysm of transplanted kidney is a very rare complication after renal transplantation, and caused by infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is more rarer, It has not been reported in mainland China.This type of recipient has the characteristics of high graft inactivation rate and high mortality rate. Timely surgical resection can effectively prevent the deterioration of disease.

Objective To determine whether Morphine has the ability to enhance HIV-1 replication in MT2 and Macrophage in vitro and assess the influence of Naloxone on Morphine2s effect.Methods MT2 cells were randomly assigned into 4 groups: (1) Morphine treatment for MT2 group, (2) Morphine+Naloxone co-treatment for MT2 group, (3) Naloxone treatment for MT2 group and (4) MT2 Control;Macrophages were also randomly assigned into 4 groups: (5) Morphine treatment for Macrophage group, (6) Morphine+Naloxone co-treatment for Macrophage group, (7) Naloxone treatment for Macrophage group and (8) Macrophage Control. Group (2), (3), (6) and (7) were pre-treated with 10-8 mol/L Naloxone for 0.5 h, and then group (1) and (2) were treated with 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L Morphine for 24 h;group (5) and (6) were disposed of 10-10 mol/L Morphine for 24 h.All 8 groups were added in HIV-1 viral strain with 50% tissue culture infective dose(TCID50).P24 antigen in MT2 cells culture supernatant at day 3, 4, 5 and 6, and in Macrophages culture supernatant at day 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 after infection were determined with ELISA.Student2s t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the differential expression in different groups, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the increasing or decreasing expression of p24 antigen in morphine treatment groups than that in the control group at different time points.Results On the 3rd day of infection with HIV-1 in MT2 cells, the expression of p24 antigen in 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8mol/L dose of group (1) were (4.44?.30), (5.59?.25) and (4.60?.24) ng/ml respectively, compared to control[(1.93?.05) ng/ml, t= 14.15, 24.74 and 19.14, all P<0.01].On the 4th day, 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8mol/L dose of group (1) resulted in a significant increase of p24 antigen expression [(24.30?.66), (31.73?.17) and (26.02?.37) ng/ml]in culture supernatants compared to control[(8.03?.09) ng/ml, t=10.59, 34.92 and 81.2, all P<0.01].On the 5th day, the expression of p24 antigen in 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L dose of group (1) were (56.30?.26), (81.77?.49) and (63.66?.57) ng/ml respectively, compared to control [(15.30?.91) ng/ml, t= 45.83, 43.51 and 30.07, all P<0.01].On the 6th day, the expression of p24 antigen in 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L dose of group (1) were (150.70?.97), (243.09?.93) and (173.72?.73) ng/ml respectively, compared to control [(41.01?.84) ng/ml, t= 21.09, 39.02 and 29.55, all P<0.01].The enhanced multiple of p24 antigen expression in three doses of morphine treatment group compared to control increased with HIV-1 infected MT2 cells time, trend analysis of repeated measurements showed statistically significant time effect (F=842.18, P<0.01). On the 4th day of infection with HIV-1 in Macrophage cells, the expression of p24 antigen in 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L dose of group (5) were (0.68?.15), (0.87?.41) and (0.75?.09) ng/ml respectively, compared to control [(0.60?.01) ng/ml, t= 7.27, 11.06 and 3.02, all P<0.05]. On the 6th day, 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L dose of group (5) resulted in a significant increase of p24 antigen expression[(1.64?.57) , (2.07?.12 ) and (1.75?.17) ng/ml]in culture supernatants compared to control [(1.16?.07) ng/ml, t=8.93, 11.3 and 5.45, all P<0.01].On the 8th day, the expression of p24 antigen in 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L dose of group (5) were (6.31?.17), (8.81?.34) and (7.19?.11) ng/ml respectively, compared to control [(3.84?.45) ng/ml, t=8.83, 15.11 and 12.42, all P<0.01]. On the 10th day, the expression of p24 antigen in 10-12, 10-10 and 10-8 mol/L dose of Morphine treated group were (32.30?7.55), (50.74?7.55) and (39.74?.56) ng/ml respectively, compared to control [(17.55?.86) ng/ml, t= 13.65, 17.84 and 36.69, all P<0.01].The enhanced multiple of p24 antigen expression in three doses of group (5) compared to control increased with HIV-1 infected Macrophage cells time, trend analysis of repeated measurements showed statistically significant time effect (F=135.58, P<0.01).Conclusions Morphine has the ability to enhance HIV-1 replication in MT2 cell and Macrophage. This Morphine-mediated increase of p24 antigen expression can be blocked by Naloxone.

Objective To observe the effect of the three active ingredients of a Chinese traditional medicine compound named Kang Fu Ling( KFL) against PC12 cells oxidative damage induced by microwave radiation.Methods PC12 cells were differentiated into neuros induced by nerve growth factor ( NGF ) .PC12 cells were incubated for 48 hours after astragalosides,total paeony glycoside and tanshinones were added at different concentrations (1, 3, or 9 μg/ml) .The cells in the control group were cultivated with the only medium of the same volume.Then, cells were irradiated with 30 mW/cm2 microwave for 6 minutes.The morphology of PC12 cells was observed under an inverted microscope soon before and after irradiation and the cell viability was measured by methylthiazolyl tetrazolium ( MTT) colorimetry.Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) was determined using active oxygen probe 2′, 7′-dichlorodihyarofluolescen diacetde ( DCFH-DA ) while malonyldialdehyde(MDA) was measured in the homogenate of PC12 cells through thiobarbituric acid ( TBA) reactive substance assay.Results The cell morphology of each group showed no obvious difference.6 h after irradiation, the viability of irradiation control group measured by MTT declined apparently(P<0.01)compared with the normal control group.The 3 μg/ml astragalosides treatment group increased the viability of PC12 cells after microwave exposure ( P <0.01).The contents of ROS and MDA were increased after irradiation(P<0.01).However, in the three active ingredients of Kang Fu Ling treatment groups, both ROS and MDA were much lower than in irradiation control group.Conclusion Astragalosides, total paeony glycoside and tanshinones, which are the three active ingredients of Kang Fu Ling, all have protective effect against PC12 cell injury caused by microwave radiation,possibly by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress injury.

Objective To explore the feasibility of using short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SLSEP) to quantitate Deqi.Methods A randomized crossover controlled trial was carried out. Healthy subjects were enrolled and allocated to treatment (thick needle, deep insertion and manipulation for Deqi) and control (thin needle, shallow insertion and no manipulation without Deqi) groups. Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded before, during and after acupuncture. Deqi was assessed using the score scale in the subjets. The effects of Deqi and no Deqi at point Sanyinjiao (SP 6) on the potentials were observed.Results The preliminary exploration of the feasibility by the trial test showed that the effect of Deqi on short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials had certain regularity. It was worthy to be observed.Conclusion The plan is feasible. The formal test can be conducted.

Objective To investigate the impact of methamphetamine (Meth) on the expressions of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α ,MIP-1β ,interleukin (IL)-6 among human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected patients .Methods The investigation was performed among 15 Meth-abuse and HIV-infected subjects (Meth + HIV ) ,15 non-Meth-abuse and HIV-infected subjects (non-Meth + HIV ) ,15 Meth-abuse and HIV-uninfected subjects (Meth) ,and 15 healthy subjects (HC) .CD4 + T lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry .The HIV viral loads in HIV-infected patients were detected by standard detection method .The levels of plasma MIP-1α ,MIP-1β and IL-6 from four groups were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA ) .Intergroup difference was compared using t-test and interactive analysis was conducted using analysis of variance .Results In HIV-infected patients ,CD4 + T lymphocyte counts in Meth + HIV group was significant lower than non-Meth +HIV group (t= 5 .431 , P< 0 .01) ,whereas HIV viral load in Meth + HIV group was significant higher than non-Meth + HIV group (t= 4 .670 , P < 0 .01) .The levels of MIP-1α ,MIP-1β and IL-6 in Meth +HIV group were (40 .60 ± 9 .84) pg/mL , (47 .35 ± 11 .25 ) pg/mL and (37 .94 ± 11 .44 ) pg/mL , respectively ,and those in non-Meth + HIV group were (31 .31 ± 8 .11) pg/mL ,(39 .40 ± 8 .41) pg/mL and (31 .31 ± 8 .11) pg/mL ,respectively .The levels of MIP-1α ,MIP-1β and IL-6 in Meth + HIV group were all significantly higher than those in non-Meth + HIV group(t = 2 .822 , P= 0 .001 ;t = 2 .192 , P=0 .020 ;t= 1 .831 , P = 0 .043 ,respectively ) .The levels of MIP-1α ,MIP-1β and IL-6 in Meth group were (24 .45 ± 5 .90) pg/mL ,(27 .82 ± 7 .25) pg/mL and (27 .18 ± 8 .57) pg/mL ,respectively ,and those in HC group were (28 .42 ± 5 .79) pg/mL ,(31 .76 ± 9 .04) pg/mL and (23 .28 ± 6 .07) pg/mL ,respectively .But there were no significant differences of the levels of MIP-1α ,MIP-1β and IL-6 between Meth group and HC group(t= 1 .860 , P = 0 .158 ; t = 1 .317 , P = 0 .233 ; t = 1 .438 , P = 0 .228 ,respectively) .There was no association between Meth-abuse and the levels of these cytokines (P> 0 .05) ,neither between HIV infection and the levels of cytokines (P> 0 .05) .Conclusion Meth abuse results in elevated expressions of MIP-1αand MIP-1β ,which indicates that Meth abuse may play a regulating role on promoting HIV infection .

Objective To explore the expressions of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2 ) and the downstream proteins in patients with human immunodeficiency virus /Mycobacterium tuberculosis (HIV /M TB) co-infection .Methods A total of 119 subjects were randomly enrolled .The subjects were divided into four groups :HIV group (n = 32) ,HIV /M TB group (n = 30) ,M TB group (n = 28) and healthy control group (n= 29) .Peripheral venous blood was collected and the HIV-1 viral load was determined by standard method .The expression levels of TLR2 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of TLR2 protein was detected by flow cytometry .The plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits .The data were statistically analyzed by chi-square test ,students t test ,analysis of variance and rank sum test when appropriate .Results The viral load in HIV /M TB group ([5 .113 ± 1 .018] lg copy/mL ) was significantly higher than that in HIV group ([4 .416 ± 1 .020] lg copy/mL ; t = 3 .449 , P< 0 .01) .The TLR2 mRNA expressions in PBMC
among HIV ,HIV/M TB ,M TB and healthy control groups were 1 .397 ± 0 .601 ,1 .463 ± 0 .702 ,1 .429 ± 0 .630 ,and 0 .970 ± 0 .488 ,respectively ,which was significantly different among the 4 groups (F =4 .197 , P= 0 .007) .The MFI of TLR2 protein expressions on PBMC among HIV ,HIV /M TB ,M TB and healthy control groups were 28 .12 ± 4 .55 ,38 .11 ± 11 .77 ,31 .13 ± 12 .10 and 23 .33 ± 5 .14 ,respectively . The TLR2 protein expression levels were significantly different among 4 groups (F= 13 .976 ,P< 0 .01) . The plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significantly different among 4 groups (Z = 19 .088 , 15 .475 ,both P< 0 .01) .The IL-6 concentrations in three patient groups were higher than that in healthy control group ,but the TNF-α concentrations were lower than healthy control group .Conclusions The co-infection of HIV-1 and M TB may enhance the activation of TLR2 signaling pathway ,which leads to the increased expression of IL-6 .

Objective To investigate the expression of TLR 4 and its downstream factor TNF-αin the patients with human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( HIV/MTB) co-infection. Methods A total of 119 subjects including 32 patients with HIV infection (HIV group), 30 patients with HIV/MTB co-infection (HIV/MTB group), 28 patients with MTB infection (MTB group) and 29 healthy subjects ( control group ) were recruited continuously from the Fourth People′s Hospital of Nanning City , Guangxi.The expression of TLR4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patients was de-termined by flow cytometry .ELISA was performed to detect TNF-αin plasma samples .The HIV-1 viral load was determined by standard method .Results The mean fluorescence intensity ( MFI) for TLR4 expression in PBMCs from HIV, HIV/MTB, MTB and control groups were 21.62±4.67, 18.29±3.87, 16.79±4.45, and 22.85±5.80, respectively, showing significant differences among four groups (F=8.105, P<0.01). The TLR4 levels in MTB and HIV/MTB groups were significantly lower than those in control group ( both P<0.01) and HIV group (P<0.01, P=0.014).The plasma concentrations of TNF-αin HIV, HIV/MTB, MTB and control groups were 15.892 (10.494-21.646) pg/ml, 13.142 (8.014-22.038) pg/ml, 16.284 (11.916-24.005) pg/ml, and 26.657 (16.321-34.541) pg/ml, respectively, that were significantly dif-ferent from each other (F=4.350, P=0.006).The levels of TNF-αin plasma from patients with HIV and HIV/MTB infection were significantly lower than those of healthy subjects (P=0.009 and P=0.001).The viral load in patients from HIV/MTB group (5.113 ±1.018 copies/ml) was significantly higher than that from HIV group (4.416±1.020 copies/ml) (t=3.449, P=0.001).Conclusion MTB infection might promote HIV replication by inhibiting the expression of TLR 4.HIV infection might increase host′s suscepti-bility to MTB infection by reducing the production of TNF-α.Suppressed expression of TLR and TNF-αpro-duction could contribute to the occurrence of HIV /MTB co-infection .

Objective To compare the genetic barriers to development of primary mutations related to drug resistance to protease inhibitors (PI), nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTI ), and non-nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTI ) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and CRF08_BC strains, and to understand the difference of varying patterns of drug resistance related mutations within these subtypes. Methods One hundred and ninety naive HIV-positive subjects from Nanning City and Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants. HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from plasma, and the pol regions were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine the subtypes of HIV-1 isolates. Nucleotide transitions and transversions were counted for each primary mutation in these sequences. According to the phenomena that transitions occur on average 2. 5 times frequently than transversions, each transition was scored as 1, and each transversion scored as 2. 5. The sum of the scores for a particular substitution was calculated, and this value was taken as the genetic barrier to development of this mutation. Then, the differences of genetic barriers among the subtypes were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Nemenyi test. Results A total of 123 sequences of CRF01_AE,CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC strains were selected. CRF08_BC had a lower genetic barrier for T/S69Dsubstitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC (χ2 =107. 501, P＜0.01), while CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC had lower genetic barriers for V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. In addition,CRF07_BC had a decreased genetic barrier for V106M compared with CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.Conclusions In the presence of the same selective pressure, subtypes CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC may be more likely to develop V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. However, CRF08_BC may be more likely to develop T/S69D substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Meanwhile, CRF07_BC may be easier to develop V106M substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.