Objective To investigate the common pathogens in neonatal infections with premature rupture of membranes (PROM).Methods From May 2007 to November 2010,16 356 neonates who were admitted to Bayi Children's Hospital were assigned to this study. The related clinical and laboratory information were recorded,including PROM and its time of duration,results of blood culture and other clinical data.Results A total of 3432 patients accompanyed with PROM among 16 356 infants (21.0％).There were 1060 full-term neonates (30.9％ ) and 2372 premature infants (69.1％ ) among 3432 PROM cases.The incidence of infectious disease was 35.8％ ( 1227/3432 ) in infants with PROM.The overall positive rate of blood culture was 7.6％ ( 260/3432 ) in infants with PROM:10.5％ ( 111/1060 ) in term infants and 6.3％ (149/2372) in premature infants ( x2 =18.370,P =0.000).The common pathogenic organisms were gram positive ( G + ) cocci ( 58.5％ ) and gram negative ( G- ) bacilli ( 33.8％ ) ( x2 =31.695,P =0.000 ).The most common organisms included Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus homis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli and Hemolytic staphylococci,accounting for 75.8％ of the total blood culture positive patients.Fungal infection accounted for 7.7％ of the total infectious diseases,which was all in premature infants. The blood culture-positive rate in patients with PROM duration ＜24 h,≥24 hand ≥72 h were 7.7％ ( 119/1544),7.2％ (99/1382),and 9.6％ (42/439) ( x2 =2.701,P =0.259 ),respectively.Conclusions G + coccus is the most common pathogenic bacteria of neonatal infection related to PROM,followed by G- bacillus.Fungi are detected mainly in premature infants.The blood culture-positive rate may not increase with the extension of time of PROM.

Objective To investigate the incidence and high risk factors of brain injury in very low birth weight infants(VLBWI),to reduce the morbidity of brain injury,and improve the developmental outcome of VLBWI. Methods Data of 181 VLBWI admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)between October 2008 and September 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The difference in basic information,maternity diseases,treatment and complication were analyzed between two groups(brain injury group and normal newborn group),and Logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyze the risk factors for brain injury. Results Seventy-eight of the 181 neonates(43.09%)were found to have brain injury,including 67 neonates(37.01% )with periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage(43 with intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)gradeⅠ,12 with IVH grade Ⅱ,10 with IVH grade Ⅲ,and 2 with IVH grade Ⅳ)and 12 neonates(6.63%,one complicated with IVH grade Ⅲ)with periventricular leukomalacia. The younger the gestational age,the higher the brain injury rate was observed. Concerning the brain injury rate,there were no differences in gender,single birth/plural births,birth weight,the mode of delivery,fetal distress,premature rupture of membrane,hypertension during pregnancy,placenta abruption,and intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)between these two groups(P ＞ 0.05). The difference in therapeutic measures such as pulmonary surfactant therapy,nasal continuous positive airway pressure(nCPAP),conventional mechanical ventilation,and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation was significant(P ＜ 0.05),except aminophylline therapy(P ＞ 0.05). As to the complication,there were significant differences in the incidences of asphyxia,neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(NRDS),hypercapnia,metabolic acidosis,hyperglycemia,anemia,and personal digital assistant(PDA)(P < 0.05). However,there was no difference in the incidences of hypoglycemia,sepsis,thrombocytopenia,apnea,pulmonary hemorrhage,and hyperbilirubinemia between these two groups(P ＞ 0.05). Further Logistic regression analysis showed that NRDS,high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,and PDA were the main risk factors for brain injury in VLBWI. Conclusions VLBWI is the high-risk population of brain injury. Pulmonary surfactant therapy,nCPAP,conventional mechanical ventilation,high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,asphyxia,NRDS,hypercapnia,metabolic acidosis,hyperglycemia,anemia,and PDA were confirmed to be the high-risk factors for brain injury in VLBWI. And,NRDS,high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and PDA were main risk factors.

Objective To summarize the characteristics of treatment and outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI).Methods The clinical data of 81 cases of ELBWI admitted to Bayi Children's Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command from October 1st.2008 to August 31st.2011 were retrospectively analyzed.The survival rate and mortality of ELBWI with different gestational age and birth weight were compared with Chi-square test.Results Of 81 ELBWI,43 were male and 38 were female; the mean gestational age at birth was (28.4 ±2.1) weeks; the average birth weight was (903.5 ± 95.4) g.Complications of them included respiratory distress syndrome (68/81,84.0％),patent ductus arteriosus (47/81,58.0％),retinopathy of prematurity (41/81,50.6％),intraventricular hemorrhage (23/81,28.4％),bronchopulmonary dysplasia (17/81,21.0％),sepsis (15/81,18.5％),periventricular leukomalacia (2/81,2.5％) and necrotizing enterocolitis (1/81,1.2％).Among 81 infants,96.3％ (n =78)received oxygen inhalation with the average time was 19.1 d (median 11 d,0-121 d) ; 70.4％ (n=57)received pulmonary surfactant; 27.2％ (n =22) received nasal continuous positive airway pressure;34.6％ (n =28) received normal frequency mechanicalfrequency ventilation.All 47 ELBWI with patent ductus arteriosus received ibuprofen treatment,among which 6 cases received arterial canal ligation after failure of ibuprofen treatment.20 out of 41 cases of retinopathy of prematurity received laser surgery.Total parenteral nutrition was required in 74 infants(91.4％),the average age of beginning enteral feeding was 5.2 d (median 6 d,0-17 d)and achieved full gastrointestinal feeding time was 31 d (median 28 d,7-65 d).The survival rate of ELBWI with gestational age of ≤26,-28 and ＞28 weeks was 25.0％ (4/16),72.0％ (18/25) and 77.5％ (31/40),respectively; the corresponding mortality was 12.5％ (2/16),8.0％ (2/25) and 2.5％ (1/40),respectively.The survival rate of ELBWI with birth weight ≤800,-900 and ＞900 g was 33.3％ (4/12),58.3％ (14/24) and 77.8％ (35/45),respectively; and corresponding mortality of them was 16.7％ (2/12),8.3％ (2/24) and 2.2％ (1/45),respectively.Conclusions The outcome of ELBWI is closely related to gestational age and birth weight.Professional and sophisticated treatment might improve the survival rate and general outcome of ELBWI.

Objective To determine the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants.Methods Fundus examinations were performed by RetCam Ⅱ ophthalmoscopy on 2185 premature infants (birth weight ≤ 2000 g or gestational age≤34 weeks)admitted into the neonatal intensive care unit of Beijing Bayi Children's Hospital from January 1st 2009 to December 31st 2010.According to the results,all infants were divided into ROP group and nonRO P group.Two-sample t test and Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the risk factors of ROP.Results Among 2185 premature infants,287 (13.1 ％) cases were diagnosed with RO P.According to International Classification of RO P,34 cases (11.9 ％) were in zone Ⅰ,147 cases (51.2％) in zone Ⅱ,and 106 cases(36.9％) in zone Ⅲ.And there were 117 cases (40.8％) with stage 1 lesion,142 cases (49.5％) with stage 2 lesion,28 cases (9.7％) with stage 3 lesion,and no stage 4 or 5 lesion was identified.Thirty-six cases (12.5 ％) were accompanied by additional diseases.Logistic analysis showed that small gestational age (OR=0.859,95％CI:0.770-0.958,P=0.006),low birth weight (OR=0.729,95％CI:0.6340.838,P=0.000),long duration of oxygen supplement (OR=2.221,95％CI:1.904-2.592,P=0.000),assistant ventilation (OR=3.104,95％CI:2.0964.956,P=0.000),apnea (OR=1.767,95％CI:1.103 2.831,P=0.018) and=anemia (OR=2.242,95％CI:1.641-3.604,P=0.000) were independent risk factors of ROP.Conclusions The incidence of ROP in premature infants is high.Small gestational age and low birth weight,long duration of oxygen supplement,assistant ventilation,apnea and anemia are risk factors of ROP.Preventive measures should be taken against these factors.

Objective Lung ultrasound has been used extensively to diagnose many types of lung disease.This study aimed to evaluate the pulmonary reasons for long-term oxygen dependence (LTOD) in premature infants using lung ultrasound.Methods Lung ultrasound was routinely performed in 50 premature infants clinically diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD).Results Among the 50 patients studied,there were 9 cases of atelectasis,4 cases of pneumonia,2 cases of severe pulmonary edema,and 3 cases of pulmonary edema and consolidation that coexisted with BPD.The babies' oxygen dependence either resolved completely or significantly decreased following appropriate treatments.Conclusion More than onethird of the cases of LTOD in premature babies were caused by either BPD alone or diseases other than BPD.Lung ultrasound plays an important role in differentiating pulmonary causes of LTOD in BPD patients,and the results of our study suggest that modifying the diagnostic criteria for BPD may be necessary.