Objective:To study risk factors of the old subjects with severe periodontitis.Methods:1 60 cases of patients aged 61 ~81 years with severe periodontitis were included in the case group and other 200 cases of age matched individuals without periodontitis were included in the control group.The related risk factors for senile severe periodontitis were analyzed by oral and periodental exami-nation and questionaire survey.Results:Smoking (OR =3.1 601 ,95% CI:1 .051 -1 .31 0),diabetes mellitus(OR =2.1 42,95%CI:1 .621 -5.91 2),bad prosthesis(OR =1 .989,95% CI:1 .21 8 -4.298),merging root bifurcation lesions (OR =3.282,95%CI:1 .01 9 -2.296)and the combination of systemic disease (OR =2.1 96,95% CI:1 .51 6 -2.61 9)factors were closely related to the pathogenesis of elderly severe periodontitis,and were the independent risk factors.Conclusion:Smoking,diabetes mellitus,bad prosthesis,root bifurcation lesions and the combining systemic disease are main risk factors of senile severe periodontitis diseases.

Three different arrangements of neurology curriculum were compared including the traditional neurology teaching in Wuhan University School of Medicine,neurology teaching modules in clinical pathophysiology and therapeutics (CPPT) in University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine and the clinical pathophysiology and therapeutics (CPPT) as well as the current reform of neurology teaching in Wuhan University School of Medicine.This article discussed the issues related to the neurology curriculum integration in medical school.Results showed that curriculum integration in ‘ teaching reform class' was praised by teachers and students.Integrating basic medical courses into clinical courses of neurology is of great importances in improving the quality of medical education in China and cultivating high-quality medical personnel to meet the requirements of the times.

Currently,a variety of measures used to control the medicine expenditure were focused on the clinicians.Although medical students mastered the theoretical knowledge of pharmacology before intership,but the lack of clinical awareness of rational drug use.In order to enable medical students have a deeper understanding of it before graduation,Over the past three years Problem-based Learning(PBL) method was used to discuss the issue of controlling medicine expenditure for medical students during internship period.The results showed that rational drug use is a complicated matter related to social,medical,ethics,morality and the physician-patient relationship.it is necessary to mention a rational dealing with the ratio of medicine expenditure and rational use of drugs in medical clinical practice.

Objective To observe the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive function in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.Methods The animal model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was established in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats by surgically induced bilateral common caroid artery stenosis,who were then divided into a control group and a treatment group.The rats in the treatment group were administered with 20 Hz rTMS 4 weeks postoperation for 7days.Another 10 rat subject to sham operation served as blank controls.The cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) at the time points of 2nd,3rd,4th and 5th days after ending of the 4 weeks of tretment.The morphologic changes of hippocampus neurons were observed with HE staining.The apoptosis was examined by TUNEL,the expression of Bcl-2 or Bax protein was determined using immnunohistochemistry assay.Results At all the time points the MWM escape latency in the rTMS group was shorter than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).The percentage of crossing the corresponding platform during the same time period in platform quadrant in the rTMS group was significant higher than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group,the treatment group demonstrated significantly decreased percentage of neuronal apoptosis (P ＜0.05),as well as increased expression of Bcl-2 protein (P ＜0.01) and reduced expression of Bax protein (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion rTMS can improve the cognitive dysfunction in rats caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,probably through inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus region.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of P3a and P3b which are the subcomponents of P300 event-related potential in patients with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) ,and to investigate the relations between P3a,P3b and the changes of cognitive function and cerebral blood flow. Methods Thirty patients with VCI and twenty two normal subjects were tested for P3a and P3b cognitive function ischemic focus and cerebral blood flow and then analyzed for correlation. Results (1) The latency of P3a ((446 ± 71) ms, (429 ± 67) ms, (446±61)ms,(428±66)ms)and P3b((496 ±73)ms,(478 ±75)ms,(498 ±77)ms,(483 ±77)ms) was significantly prolonged in patients with VCI compared with that in normal subjects in all recorded regions(P<0.01) . The amplitude of P3a in patients with VCI ((3.3 ±2.6)μV,(3.3 ± 1.8)μV) was significantly lower than that in normal subjects in Fz and Pz (P<0.01) ,and the amplitude of P3b in patients with VCI((4.5 ±2.5)μV,(6.4 ± 3.8)μV,(5.3 ±3.8)μV,(5. 3 ±3.0)μV) was significantly lower than that in normal subjects in all recorded regions (P < 0.01 or P<0.05) . (2) The latency of P3a and P3b in patients with VCI was negatively related to the scores of sub items of attention and MMSE total scores (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), the amplitude of P3a was positively related to the scores of MMSE total scores(P<0.05) ,the amplitude of P3b was positively related to the scores of attention and MMSE total scores(P<0.05). (3) The latency of P3a in patients with VCI was positively related to frontal lobe(P<0.05) ,and the latency of P3b was positively related to parietal lobe(P<0.05). (4) The latency of P3a in patients with VCI was positively related to RILMCA,RILACA and RIRACA(P<0.05 orP<0.01) ,the latency of P3b was positively related to RILMCA,RIRMCA and RIRACA(P<0.05 orP<0.01) ,and the amplitude of P3a was positively related to RILACA(P<0.01). Conclusion P3a and P3b are good objective indexes for testing the descent of cognitive function in patients with VCI,which can provide reference basis for the clinical diagnosis.

Objective To summarize the damaging effect of infectious burden on cognition and the potential mechanisms, and reveal a newly insight into the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment.Methods Based on the PUBMED, CBM and CNKI database, the articles involving the definition of infectious burden and the relationship between infectious burden and cognition were searched with the main key words infectious burden , cognition and inflammation.Results This study finally included 42 articles from the primarily retrieved 342 articles.Overall, the definition of infectious burden remains controversial.Infectious burden was related to cognitive impairment whereas the potential mechanisms had not been fully elucidated.Conclusion Infectious burden is the risk factor of cognitive impairment via the possible mechanisms of inflammation,vascular lesion and neuronal toxicity.

Gap junction is one kind of synapse coexisting with chemical synapse in the nervous system. Nowadays with the development of electrophysiological technique,more research began to focus on the role of gap junction in the neural network,especially in the cognitive function. Gap junction collaborates with chemical synapses to induce the neural network activities related to memory and perception,such as gamma and ripple oscillation,which is regarded as the mechanism of the role of gap junction in cognitive function. This review introduces the structure of gap junction,distribution and expression of different kinds of connexins in central nervous system,which are the basic element of gap junction. Furthermore,this review discusses the role of gap junction in cognition related network oscillations and activity-dependent plasticity of gap junction.

Objective To study the protective effect of estrogen against neuronal injury and the possible roles of alteration in the expression of bcl－ 2 following cerebral ischemia. Methods rats were ovariectomized.Brain ischemia was induced by left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 hours, and 22 hours of reperfusion,all animals were killed. The cerebral cortex sector histology was examined under light microscope (both qualitatively and quantitatively). The expression of bcl－ 2 was analyzed with immunohistochemical method. Results In estrogen－ treated groups, the density of normal neruons were significantly higher(P<0.05);Estrogen increased the expression of bcl-2(P<0.05).Conclusions The neuroprotective of estrogen was associated with up-regulation of bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia.

Objective To estimate the ethology representation of the modified model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion ( m-3VO) , created by occluding bolh common carotid in combination with one vertebral artey. Methods Rats were randomly put into m-3VO group,2VO group,and sham group ,and were subjected to the matching operation. Eight weeks after the operation, Morris water maze,open field test,and forced swimming lest were carried out. Results Compared with the sham group[ (18.46 ± 2. 63)s, (15. 9 ± 2. 16)s] .escape latencies of Morris water maze of m-3VO group [ ( 37. 69 ± 5. 11 ) s, ( 32. 55 ± 4. 28 ) s] and 2V0 group [ (42. 94 ± 3.05)s, (37.43 ± 4. 55)s] in the fourth and fifth days significantly increased (t = 3. 61 , P<0. 01 ; l = 3. 028, P<0.05 ; t = 4.72, P< 0. 001 ; t = 4. 153, P<0.001). The time of m-3VO group[ (7. 72 ± 1. 92) s] and 2VO group[ (7. 154 ± 2.66)s] spent in NE square was also longer than that of the sham group[(11. 19 ± 2. 137)s] (q = 2.98, P< 0.05; q = 3.81 , P< 0.01 ). And the crossing score of open field test of 2VO group(83. 25 ± 13. 53) was higher than that of the sham group (55. 6 ± 16. 8) ( q = 3. 27, P < 0. 01 ) , but immobility times, swimming times and climbing times of forced swimming test were not different between the three groups (P>0. 05). Conclusion The spatial learning ability of m-3V0 group rats are impaired 8 weeks after the operation, which is similar to that of 2VO group rats,and the m-3V0 operation have few effect on exploring ability and depression of rats.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine,Shuxuening injection on the treatment of acute cerebral infarction and its mechanism.Methods:Patients in the treatment group(n=60) and control group(n=58) were injected with Shuxuening injection and Danshen injection respectively.The treatment period of two group lasted 2 weeks.The clinical therapeutic effects,neurological functional deficit scores(NFDS) and Barthel index,hemorheology indexes,serum lipid,nitric oxide and endothelin had been evaluated in both groups before and after 2 weeks treatment,except Barthel index which was accessed in both groups before treatment and 4 weeks later.Results:After 2 weeks treatment,the total clinical effective rate in treatment group and control group was 88.4% and 70.7%(P