Histamine is one of the important mediators of many diseases such as hypersensitivity, gastric ulcer, and inflammation. It regulates the local immune response in tumor tissues by multiple mechanisms with ambivalent and double-faced effects, which have been uncovered partially by thorough molecular immunological analyses. Histamine has differential effects on the growth of tumor cell depending on selective reaction with its receptors, and on the secretion of variety of cytokines from local activated immune cells in a reciprocal manner by shifting TH1/TH2 polarization towards predominance of TH2. In this review, we summarized recent data suggesting that endogenous histamine should be an important correlated factor involved in bi-directional regulation both to tumor tissue and to infiltrating immune cells.

Objective:To explore the changes of sex hormones in children with cryptorchidism of different ages after laparoscopic treatment and the risk factors that affect the timing of surgery, so as to improve the surgical effect of the treatment of children with cryptorchidism.Methods:A total of 80 children with cryptorchidism admitted to our hospital from Jun. 2018 to Aug. 2021 were selected as the study subjects, and all children underwent laparoscopic surgery. Twenty-six children aged 6 to 12 months were included in the younger group, 42 children aged 1 to 2 years were included in the middle age group, and 12 children >2 years old were included in the over-age group. Surgical data of the children were recorded, and the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) , Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Testosterone (T) were detected. Logistic analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting the timing of operation in children with cryptorchidism, and ROC curve analysis was used to analyze the diagnostic value of factors affecting the timing of operation in children with cryptorchidism.Results:The level of T (the younger group (7.36±1.63) vs (7.48±1.67) ng/ml; the middle-age group (7.03±1.26) vs (7.11±1.07) ng/ml; the over-age group (4.81±1.37) vs (4.92±1.63) ng/ml) , occult testicular volume (the younger group (0.30±0.01) vs (0.32±0.03) cm3; the middle-age group (0.45±0.14) vs (0.47±0.11) cm 3; the over-age group (0.45±0.09) vs (0.61±0.08) cm 3) and occult testicular minimum blood flow velocity (the younger group (3.42±0.87) vs (4.26±0.94) cm/s; the middle-age group (3.51±0.26) vs (5.69±0.35) cm/s; the over-age group (8.41±0.34) vs (23.64±0.19) cm/s) increased in all three groups,In terms of intraoperative blood loss, postoperative time to get out of bed, and incision pain time, the over-age group > the middle age group > the younger group; FSH and LH decreased in the young age group and increased in the middle age group and over-age group ( P < 0.05) . Age, family income, primiparas, smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, and protein supplementation during pregnancy were independent risk factors affecting the timing of surgery in children with untorchidism. The areas under ROC curve were 0.884, 0.704, 0.785, 0.842, 0.904, and 0.845, respectively. The area under ROC curve to evaluate the differentiation was 0.866. Conclusion:The range of sex hormone changes in children with cryptorchidism of different ages after laparoscopic treatment is related to age, family income, primipara, smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy, diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, and no protein supplement during pregnancy are the factors affecting the timing of surgery.