microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding,single-stranded RNAs,which regulate gene expression by binding messenger RNA (mRNA).Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer.Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common type of thyroid cancer,and its incidence has dramatically increased worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that miRNAs play an important role in thyroid carcinogenesis,development and prognosis,especially in PTC.

Objective:We aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in women. Methods:The clinical data of 1,034 female patients with thyroid nodules between January 2003 and December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were from Yunnan Province, China. A database was established in Excel. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were conducted by using SPSS 17.0. Results:Female patients with DTC were younger than those with thyroid nodule disease or benign thyroid disease (BTD). The results of univariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the preoperative mean level of serum thyrotropin was higher in patients with DTC than in patients with BTD (P=0.034). The positive ratios of thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), and thyrotrophin receptor antibody (TRAb) were higher in patients with DTC than in patients with BTD (P<0.001). The positive ratio of the coexistence of DTC with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT;13.3%) or with lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT;4.2%) was higher in patients with DTC than in patients with BTD and HT/LT (P<0.001). The ratio of the patients whose age of menarche was≤13 years, with≤2 of births, or were in pre-menopausal condition in the DTC group was higher than that in the BTD group. The results of multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that age<45 years, nodal size<1 cm, and thyroglobulin increase were protective factors of DTC with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.06, 0.377, and 0.431, respectively. An abnormal increase in TGAb and TRAb was an independent risk factor of female patients with DTC with ORs of 4.949 and 23.001, respectively. Conclusion:Female patients aged 35 years to 44 years and with thyroid nodules were included in a high-risk group of DTC. Serous thyroid-stimulating hormone 1evel and coexistence with HT were positively correlated with the risk of DTC in females. Early menarche, late menopause, and low number of births were associated with the incidence of DTC in females. Age<45 years, nodal diameter<1 cm, and increase in thyroglobulin were protective factors of DTC in female. An abnormal increase in TGAb and TRAb was an independent risk factor of female DTC.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract ,which comprises two primary forms of Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) .Decades of studies have revealed that environmental factors ,suscepti-bility genes ,and gut microbiota are considered as the major determinants for the induction of IBD .The combination of factors has made IBD as an appropriate and a high-priority platform for studying host-microbiome interactions .More recently ,profiling studies of the intestinal microbe have associated pathogenesis of IBD with characteristic alterations in the composition of the in-testinal microbiota ,reinforcing the viewpoint that IBD results from the altered interplays between the host and intestinal mi-crobe .the studies of the gut flora in IBD were reviewed andthe multiple effects of intestinal microbiota-dysfunction on the IBD were described .The progress of intestinal microbiota alterations with different therapeutic methods in animal models and clinic trials were provided .