Syncope is one of the most common emergencies in the pediatric population.Autonomic -mediated reflex syncope,including postural tachycardia syndrome and vasovagal syncope,is the main cause.Although the clinical manifestations are similar,each subtype has its optimal treatment option.With the development of translational medicine in recent years,as well as the emergence of biomarkers,precision medicine has become possible,and will be the main direction in the future researches.

Myocarditis is one of the most common acquired heart diseases in children,and one of the most common causes of a pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype.The myocarditis is a difficult issue in the diagnosis and the optimal means of therapy.A recent Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry (PCMR) analysis in the largest group of pediatric myocarditis patients ever studied confirmed that the most common outcome in pediatric myocarditis was cardiac recovery,but approximately 30％ of pediatric myocarditis patients would die or undergo heart transplantation.Animal studies and adult experience suggested that autoimmunity might contribute to cardiac dysfunction in myocarditis.Immunosuppressive and immunomodulating therapy for pediatric myocarditis remains controversial.Small case series have shown benefit of these therapies in pediatric myocarditis.A limited number of biomarkers associated both good (recovery) and poor (death or transplantation) outcomes could be identified.We should do our best to find these biomarkers in the future.

Hypertension in children and adolescents is defined as systolic blood pressure(SBP)and/ or dias-tolic blood pressure(DBP)≥95th percentile for age,gender and height,on at least 3 occasions. Primary hypertension is more common among children of older age or adolescents,while secondary hypertension accounts for more cases for younger children. Among causes of secondary hypertension,renovascular diseases,renal parenchymal diseases,cardio-vascular diseases,and endocrine diseases are common. An initial evaluation can be reached after history taking and physical examination,to decide whether it should be primary or secondary hypertension. Laboratory tests and procedures can further confirm the classification and etiology. There is an increase in prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents,and an in - time diagnosis and evaluation of hypertension is important to help patients receive a better management of their conditions.

Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) is a myocardial disease condition in which left ventricular dysfunction and cardiomegaly are induced or mediated by atrial or ventricular arrhythmias.The pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear.Early recognition of AIC and provision of prompt treatment with pharmacological or ablative techniques could result in symptom resolution and recovery of ventricular function.But,the long-term prognosis of these patients is not clear and needs further observation and research.

OBJECTIVE:To study the therapeutic effect of L-arginine on collagen metabolism of pulmonary artery in rats with high pulmonary blood flow METHODS:The rat model of pulmonary hypertension was established with an abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava shunting L-arginine was intragastrically given to the rats with shunt in L-arginine group(1g/(kg?d)) for 11 weeks After 11 weeks of experiment,the expressions of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ in pulmonary artery were detected by immunohistochemical assay RESULTS:The expressions of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ in shunt group elevated obviously compared with those in control group(P

Syncope is a common clinical problem in children and adolescents. It is a major challenge for practicing physicians, and medical resource utilization and expenses associated with syncope management are enormous. A diagnostic protocol to syncope must be developed for children and adolescents for convenient and effective final diagnosis, and an analysis of cost-effectiveness is meaningful. Thus, according to the studies of syncope in children in China,the Chinese Pediatric Cardiology Society proposed the guidelines for diagnosis of syncope in children in China, and developed a simplified diagnostic protocol for children and adolescents with syncope. According to a multi-center prospective study,the diagnostic protocol in children and adolescents with syncope results in an improvement of diagnostic yield.

Sulfur dioxide (SO_2) is an ordinary air pollutant globally and harm to human health. L-cysteine is the major sulfur-containing amino acid and its normal metabolism can produce hydrogen sulfur (H_2S) and SO_2. It is realized that H_2S has various bioactivities and is the third gasotransmitter after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Recently, attention has been paid to the physiologic effects of endogenous SO_2 and its derivatives (bisulfite and sulfite) in vivo, and recognized that SO_2 and its derivatives can lower blood pressure, change heart rates, participate in inflammatory reactions, and so on, suggesting that endogenous SO_2 may modulate the physiologic functions in vivo as a bioactive molecule.

Objective: To explore the role and the possible mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) in modulating the remodeling of aorta of hypertensive rats. Methods: Twenty-four male WKY rats were randomly divided into WKY control group, WKY+ NaHS (H 2S donor) group and WKY+PPG group. Another twenty-four male SHR rats at the age of 4 weeks were also divided into SHR control group, SHR+NaHS group and SHR+PPG group. SHR control and WKY control rats were injected with water, rats of SHR+NaHS group and WKY+ NaHS group were injected with NaHS, rats of SHR +PPG group and WKY +PPG group were injected with PPG each day. Five weeks later, the blood pressure was determined. The rat aortas were dyed with Weigert’s Method. The morphometric parameters including outer radius, lumen radius and the media area were calculated by Leica workstation. The proliferation of smooth muscle cells was detected by immunohistochemical assay of PCNA. Results: The morphometric parameters of outer radius, lumen radius, medium area, and the ratio of wall thickness to lumen radius in SHR control rats were all higher than those of WKY control rats [outer radius (1 999?45) ?m vs (1 790? 96) ?m, lumen radius(1 759?91) ?m vs (1 636?94) ?m, medium area (0.60?0.06) ?m 2 vs (0.48? 0.03) ?m 2, and the ratio of wall thickness to lumen radius (0.066?0.006) vs (0.060? 0.004)]. Expression of PCNA in aorta of SHR control rats was higher than that of WKY con-trol rats too. Most of the structural remodeling parameters decreased in the rats of SHR+NaHS group [outer radius(1 864?66) ?m, lumen radius (1 634?66) ?m, medium area (0.53?0.06) ?m 2] compared with those in rats of SHR control group. Expression of PCNA in aorta of SHR+NaHS control rats decreased compared with that of SHR control rats at the same time. Conclusion: H 2S is one of the key factors playing important roles in the modulation of the structural remodeling in aorta of SHR rats. Exogenous administration of H 2S may attenuate the development of hypertensive rat aorta remodeling effectively.

Aim To explore the impact of endogenous hydrogen sulfide on pulmonary vascular structural remodeling and vasoactive peptides in rats with high pulmonary blood flow. Methods Thirty-two male SD rats, weighing 120~140 g, were randomly divided into shunt group (n=8), shunt+PPG (propargylglycine)group (n=8), control group (n=8) and control+PPG (n=8). Rats in shunt group and shunt+PPG group were subjected to an abdominal aorta-inferior vena cava shunt to create an animal model of high pulmonary flow. Rats in shunt+PPG group and control+PPG group were intraperitoneally injected with an inhibitor of endogenous H2S generation enzyme-PPG at a dose of 37.5 mg?kg-1 each day. After 4 weeks of experiment, the morphologic changes including micro-and ultra-structural changes of pulmonary arteries of rats were observed under optical microscope and electro-microscope, respectively. H2S concentration in lung tissue was evaluated by sensitive modified sulfide electrode method. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (ADM) were calculated by radioimmunoussay kit. Results After 4 weeks of shunt, lung tissue H2S level increased significantly (P

OBJECTIVE:To study the mechanism by which L-arginine regulates hypoxic pulmonary vascular structural remodeling.METHODS:Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,hypoxic group and hypoxic+L-arginine group.Pulmonary artery pressure was measured with right cardiac catheterization.Micro-structure and ultra-structure of pulmonary tissue were observed and collagen I expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:Mean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP) was(2.7?0.3)kPa in hypoxic rats and(2.1?0.1)kPa in control rats(P