Discussions were made regarding the burden of persuasion and that of proof in tort lawsuits,distribution of the burden of persuasion in both medical tort cases and those in non-medical malpractice tort lawsuits.It is found that in cases involving tort of medical institutions,medical behavior tort and non-medical tort cases should be set apart depending on the nature of the lawsuit.Under the existing legal system,it is also necessary to distinguish the medical behavior tort incurred by medical malpractice from that irrelevant to malpractice.which will be critical for distribution of the burden proof and calculation of the compensation.

The current graduate student curriculum of medical colleges and universities has not been able to satisfy the actual need of cultivating the medical graduate students. In certain extent it stresses the natural sciences, theory curriculum and knowledge instruction more than humanities social sciences,technical curriculum, and cultivation of students' ability. Based on the reform of our curriculum setup, the author put forward some suggestions such as expanding the course resources, enriching the content,implementing the second-level management system, being clear about the different cultivation flow and the curriculum name; paying attention to staff construction and perfecting graduate student curriculum assessment and so on.

From the three aspects of university,family and the students themselves,the article points out that universities should transform the teaching thought and approaches and give the students poor in study the teaching guidance and humane care,parents should grasp the laxation of educating their children and students should pay attention to regulation and self-regulation.Only through the joint efforts,can the students walk out of study confusion to realize the healthy development

China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

BACKGROUND:To delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, transplantation of viable and wel-differentiated stem cel s is expected to repair neural tissue, which has been an issue of concern. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of different doses of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cel s (hUCMSCs) on learning and memory ability of Alzheimer’s disease rats. METHODS:Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 months of age, were randomized into normal, model, high-, middle-and low-dose hUCMSCs groups (n=10 per group). Rats in model and UCMSCs groups were used to make Alzheimer’s disease animals through intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg D-galactose for 90 days, and rats in the normal group were given intraperitoneal injection of normal saline for 90 days. In the three hUCMSCs group, passage 3 hUCMSCs at doses of 1×105/0.2 mL/20 g, 5×105/0.2 mL/20 g, and 1×106/0.2 mL/20 g were injected via the tail vein, respectively. Forty-five days after cel transplantation, Morris water maze test was used to detect rat’s learning and memory abilities, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe pathological changes of the rat hippocampal CA1 region. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the normal group, the rats in the model group showed significant reduction in the ability of learning and memory. Compared with the model group, the escape latency was significantly shortened in the middle-dose hUCMSCs group (P<0.05), while the number of passing times through the platform was increased significantly (P<0.05). In the model group, the cel s in the hippocampal CA1 region were arranged irregularly with unclear nucleoli and a part of cel s were concentrated and deeply stained. In the middle-dose hUCMSCs group, the cel s in the hippocampal CA1 region were arranged regularly with clear nucleoli, and only individual cel s were stained deeply. These findings indicate that middle-dose hUCMSCs transplantation can improve the learning and memory abilities of Alzheimer’s rats.

Child, Preschool ; Foreign Bodies ; surgery ; Humans ; Intestines ; Laparoscopy ; methods

Long noncoding RNAs( lncRNAs)are a class of non-protein-coding RNA species that are greater than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs regulate gene expression at the epigenetic,transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and are widely implicated in the physiological and pathological processes. Recent evidences indicated that lncRNAs play important roles in the development and progression of many digestive system diseases. Studies focusing on lncRNAs may provide valuable data for the prediction,diagnosis,therapeutics and prognosis assessment for these diseases. In this article,the fundamental principles and progress in study on lncRNAs in digestive system diseases were summarized.

Objective To study the relationship between the microvesel density(MVD) ,vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) , matrix metalloproteinases 2 ( MMP2 ) with the metastasis, prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods MVD,expression of VEGF and MMP2 were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry in 45 cholangiocarcinoma tissues and 8 normal bile duct tissues. Results (1)MVD and positive expression rates of VEGF , MMP2 in cholangiocarcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal bile duct tissues ( P

Objective To investigate the changes of plasma insulin and C peptide level in women with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), gestational impaired glucose tolerance(GIGT) and normal pregnant and to find out the patterns of glucose metabolism in pregnancy and the function of islet ? cell in patients with gestational impaired glucose metabolism Methods Thrity one normal pregnant women (group Ⅰ), 36 GIGT (group Ⅱ)and 31 GDM (group Ⅲ) were selected. Insulin and C peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results Insulin and C peptide levels of groups Ⅰand Ⅲ increased with the gestational age and decreased at postpartum. At 31 weeks of gestation, insulin and C peptide levels of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group I [insulin: (13.95?3.15) mIU/L and (15.10?2.96)mIU/L vs (11.40?3.27) mIU/L; C peptide: (0.60 ?0.21) pmol/ml and (0.80?0.31) pmol/ml vs (0.44?0.26) pmol/ml, P 0.05). The peak value of insulin and C peptide was found at the first hour postprandially in group I, while at the second hour in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Conclusions Insulin resistance during pregnancy becomes stronger gradually with pregnant progress. Women with abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy would have more insulin resistance which leads to the damage of insulin secretion. These women should have long term followed up.

Taking the application of integration teaching in neurology curriculum as an example, by analyzing the Harvard Medical School , the University of Toronto School of Medicine and the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine on the course curriculum, the issues related to neurology curriculum integration has been explored. The results show that the integration of teaching mode reflects the two major characteristics of multi discipline integration, clinical and basic integration, and it emphasizes the organ system as the center, the problem based learning (problem-based learning, PBL), Problem-Based Learn-ing, Case-based Learning and other teaching methods will play an important role in the medical educa-tion reform in the important position.