Objective: To investigate the changes of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) and plasma D-dimer levels and their relationship with the volume of cerebral infarc-tion in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods: The levels of serum hs-CRP and plasma D-dimer in the cerebral infarction group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P ＜0.05); as compared with the patients with moderate infarction (5-10 cm3) and small infarction (≤ 5 cm3), the levels of serum hs-CRP and plasma D-dimer in patients with large cerebral infarction (≥ 10 cm3 ) increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions: Measuring the levels of serum hs-CRP and plasma D-dimer may contribute to the early diagnosis of cerebral infarction and the prediction of the volume of cerebral infarction.

Heterotrophic nitrification bacteria are able to utilize organic carbon sources to grow and produce hydroxylamine,nitrite and nitrate from nitrogen compounds,and most of them can also denitrify these products to gaseous nitrogen compounds simultaneously.Therefore,more and more attentions are paid to heterotrophic nitrification bacteria for wastewater treatment.This paper reviews the denitrification characteristics of some isolated heterotrophic nitrification bacteria,and analyzes the influence of various conditions to the heterotrophic nitrification bacteria,such as temperature,pH,DO,carbon sources,C/N,and inhibitors,etc.At last,the present situation and potential applications of wastewater treatment by heterotrophic nitrification bacteria are introduced.

Peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator of PPARγ.PGC-1α can bind with many different transcription factors.It plays a number of functions in the different tissues and the process of biological reaction.Recent studies have shown that PGC-1α signaling pathway has a neuroprotective effect.This article reviews the neuroprotective effect of PGC-1α in cerebral ischernia and its possible mechanisms.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft(DFDBA) and DFDBA with platelet-rich plasma(PRP) in the treatment of periodontal infrabony defects.Methods: Fifteen periodontal infrabony defects(30 sites) in 12 patients with periodontitis(9 patients with chronic periodontitis and 3 patients with aggressive periodontitis) were selected.Three months after initial therapy,they were assigned to either the DFDBA group(10 defects with 20 sites) or the DFDBA with PRP group(5 defects with 10 sites).The patients were evaluated for plaque index(PI),bleeding index(BI),probing depths(PD) and clinical attachment loss(CAL) before the treatment and at 6 months after periodontal bone graft surgery.Results: The PI,BI,PD and CAL in the DFDBA group were 1.7,2.7,6.0 mm and 7.0 mm at baseline;1.5,1.8,3.9 mm and 4.4 mm at the 6 months after periodontal surgery.The PD,CAL and BI in DFDBA with PRP group at baseline were 6.2 mm,7.1 mm and 2.9;3.2 mm,3.6 mm and 1.7 at the 6 months after periodontal surgery.The PI did not change significantly after surgery in both groups.While both groups showed significant improvement(P

Venous thromboembolism,including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism,is one of the common complications after stroke,and it also significantly increases the mortality in patients with stroke.Because of limb paralysis,prolonged bed rest,and specific hypercoagulable state,the patients with stroke become the high risk population of thrombosis.The preventive measures manly including physical and drug prevention.Clinical studies have confirmed that anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of venous thromboembolism is effective in patients with ischemic stroke.However,for patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage,whether anticoagulant drugs can be used and how to use them have not yet reached consensus,mainly on account of the risks of rebleeding or hematora enlargement.This article reviews the related literatures in recent years and summarizes the advances in research on the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Melanoma is a highly malignant immunogenic tumor. Although immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors can markedly improve the survival rate of patients with metastatic melanoma, nearly half of patients are still tolerant or resistant to immunotherapy, with high incidence of immune-related adverse reactions. This review focuses on the key difficulties in tolerance, resistance and immune-related adverse reactions to current melanoma immunotherapy, and summarizes corresponding strategies and research advances. By intervening in the immunosuppressive microenvironment in melanoma, screening precise biomarkers, and optimizing immunotherapy-based combination strategies, the problem of tolerance and resistance to immunotherapy can be solved. Moreover, the combination of traditional immunotherapy and nanotechnology can also greatly reduce the occurrence of immune-related adverse reactions. In the future, more extensive and in-depth research on the tumor immune microenvironment will help to explore the best immunotherapy regimens for melanoma.

The aquaporins (AQPs) are a group of highly selective water channel protein family. The content of AQP4 in the astrocytes of the brain is the highest. It is the most vital protein in central nerve system. It participates in a series of pathologic processes of cerebrovascular disorders, brain contusion, tumor, and inflammation caused cerebral edema.However, the mechanism of AQP4 in the process of cerebral edema formation remains controversial. Selective modulation of the expression of AQP4 and intervention in part of its role may provide novel ideas and means for the treatment of edema after cerebral ischemia in clinical practice.

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a fatal complication after severe injury of central nervous system. Various cerebrovascular diseases are the common causes of NPE. The mortality of NPE is high. Its pathogenesis involves a variety of factors; however, its exact mechanism remains obscure. This article reviews the advances in pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases complicated with NPE in recent years.

Oxidative stress is one of the important pathological mechanisms of neuron damage in ischemic stroke.Antioxidant therapy has become one of the important measures for ischemic brain injury.This article reviews the advances in research on the antioxidant therapy of ischemic stroke.

Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript(CART) peptides are endogenous neurotransmitters with important roles in a number of physiological and pathological processes in vivo.Many studies suggested that CART is widely distributed in the central nervous system,and it has some central protective effects.This article reviews the recent progress in research on the protective effect of CART on cerebral ischemia and its mechanisms.