Vaccine is expected to be a promising tool for malaria prevention and control.However, safe and effe-ctive malaria vaccine is not yet available for field use so far.They can be pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine, blood stage vac-cine and transmission-blocking vaccine.This review summarizes the progress of the vaccine development in the recent field trials.

Dental Pulp Diseases ; therapy ; Humans ; Root Canal Therapy

Dental Caries ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Humans

Objective To investigate the flora of pathogens and antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infection after spinal cord injury. Methods From June, 2014 to June, 2015, 145 inpatients with urinary tract infection after spinal cord injury were reviewed. Results The main pathogenic germs were found as E. coli (48.9%), K. pneumonia (19.7%) and P. mirabilis (9.0%), and they were resistant to the second or third generation cephalosporins and quinolones moderately or severely, but sensitive toβ-lactamase inhibitor combinations and aminogly-cosides. The strategy of antibiotics need more reasonable. Conclusion The main pathogens in urinary tract infection after spinal cord injury are Gram-negative bacilli, that are resistant to antibiotics. The antibiotics should be selected and used rationally according to bacterial culture.

Objective To study the expression of both nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and tumor necrosis fac-tor-α(TNF-α)in pulmonary intravascular macrophages(PIM)of rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)and the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC)on their expression.Methods The Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into four groups:control,control+PDTC1CCl4,CCl4+PDTC groups.Arterial blood was collected for measurement of blood gas.Venous blood was sampled for hepatic function and endotoxin level.The mesenteric lymph nodes were dissected for bacteriology studies.Proteins of NF-κB and TNF-a of lung tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry.The activity of NF-κB in lung tissues was measured using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).By real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCB)using SYBR Green I,the mRNA expression of TNF-α in lung tissues were detected.Results CCl4 group developed HPS with decreased PaO2 and PaCO2,increased alveolar-arterial oxygen difference(A-aDO2),abnormal hepatic function and increased endotoxin level.Culture-positive mes-enteric lymph nodes were found in 62.5%(5/8)of CCl4,group and 66.7%(6/9)of CCl4+PDTC group(P>0.05 J.All lungs from CCl4 and CCl4+PDTC group showed no accumulation of larse mononuclear macrophagelike cells within the lumen of numerous small muscular and nonnulscular pulmonary vessels.The percentages of vessels with more than 1O adherent macrophages was 60.8%(292/480)in CCl4 group but only 19.6%(106/540)in CCl4+PDTC group(P<0.01).The protein expression of NF-κB and TNF-α Was localized to PIM in CCl4 group.The NF-κB activity and mRNA expression of TNF-α in CCl4 group was significantly higher than that in control,con-trol+PDTC group and CCl4+PDTC group(P<0.05).Conclusion The TNF-α expression in PIM induced by NF-κB play an important role in HPS.The inhibitor of NF-κB PDTC can repress PIM activation and decrease the ex-pression of TNF-α.As result.HPS severity is reduced.

One case of secondary bleeding repeatedly after tonsillectomy. Secondary bleeding after tonsillectomy seldom happen to us. When the event occurs medical staff has to take effect way to control the bleeding immediately. Accumulated quantity of bleeding must be controlled to the lowest point as soon as possible. Other wise the bleeding may lead to death. This point should be considered by medical staff.
Humans ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Tonsillectomy ; adverse effects

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogen for pulmonary infection in cervical spinal cord inju-ry (CSCI) patients, and analyze the application of antibiotics. Methods From January, 2014 to June, 2015, 156 patients with CSCI were re-viewed. The bacteriology and drug resistance were investigated, as well as the application of antibiotics. Results There were 45 cases with nosocomial infection of 68 times, and 106 strains of bacteria in total. The top four Gram-negative pathogens were Klebsiella pneumonia (17.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosae (15.1%), Encherichia coli (11.3%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (8.5%). The main Gram-positive cocci was Staphylococcus aureus (9.4%), and the main fungi was Candida tropicalis (0.7%). Gram-negative bacteria was resistant to the second or third generation cephalosporins and quinolones moderately or severely, but sensitive toβ-lactamase inhibitor combinations and aminoglyco-sides. The main Gram-positive cocci were sensitive to vancomycin. The application of antibiotics needed to be improved. Conclusion The Gram-negative bacteria are the chief pathogen for pulmonary infection in CSCI patients, which show multiple drug-resistant. It is significant to monitor the drug resistance of bacteria and optimize antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the contradictions existing during the time when a drugstore pharmacist is doing his duty.METHOD:The existing contradictions were analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:Pharmacists should be educated to solve the contradictions and strengthen propaganda;The evaluating system should be strictly enforced,and the registered pharmacists should be strictly evaluated;Surveillance should be strengthened and the regular supervising system should be established.

Dental Pulp Diseases ; therapy ; Humans ; Periapical Diseases ; therapy ; Root Canal Obturation

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a rare tumor characterized by proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells,often occurs in the head and neck,followed by gastrointestinal and skin.Diagnosis is based on biopsy,which is the only accurate and reliable method.EMP is needed to discriminate with similar diseases.Radiotherapy is the preferred treatment method of EMP,because it has a higher radiation sensitivity.Sometime we can choose comprehensive treatment because of illness need.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is not as the preferred treatment option because of transplant rejection.