An impairment is defined as "a loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, organ system or organ function". The impairment evaluation should be performed by physicians. To determine permanent impairment associated with medical condition a standard method should be used. It is a general principle that an evaluation of permanent impairment only be performed when the physician considers the person to have reached a state of maximum medical improvement. Maximum medical improvement is considered when the person's condition has been medically stable and is unlikely to change by more than 3% of whole body impairment within the next 12 months. The physician must use the entire clinical skill and judgment to perform the proper impairment evaluation. A report of the evaluation of permanent impairment should be accurate, comprehensive and fair. The physicians are reminded that they have a duty to act in an ethical, professional and considerate manner when examining the person for the purpose of assessing the permanent impairment.
Clinical Competence ; Humans ; Judgment

A cervical radiculopathy is the most common symptom of cervical degenerative disease and its natural course is generally favorable. With a precise diagnosis using appropriate tools, the majority of patients will respond well to conservative treatment. Cervical radiculopathy with persistent radicular pain after conservative treatment and progressive or profound motor weakness may require surgery. Options for surgical management are extensive. Each technique has strengths and weaknesses, so the choice will depend on the patient's clinical profile and the surgeon's judgment.
Humans ; Judgment ; Radiculopathy

A doctor's certificate is a statement from a doctor that attests to the results of a medical examination of a patient. It is based on the professional judgment of a doctor who has examined the state of a patient's healthBiased doctor's certificates, which can vary widely in their nature, would lead to the loss of the public's trust in the medical profession. Although the Korean Medical Association has set guidelines for issuing doctor's certificates, separate guidelines are necessary that address various issues, including, among others, the definition of doctor's certificates, the ethical duties of doctors, the purpose and issuance of doctor's certificates, the doctor-patient relationship, and the responsibilities of doctors and patients. Furthermore, hospitals should be required to conduct a review of the doctor's certificates that have critical importance, such as those that impact court hearings or suspension of sentences, by a committee of doctors, to ensure the accuracy and professional integrity of such doctor's certificates.
Humans ; Judgment ; Social Problems*

Recent scientific findings on the perception of facial attractiveness coupled with technological advances in computer imaging make it possible to measure the facial characteristics that may be associated with specific judgments of facial appearance. These new methods can be used to produce psychometric norms of facial attractiveness which potentially could supplement the conventional population norms or averages used currently in orthodontic treatment planning. It is hypothesized that consideration of psychometric norms will enhance doctor-patient communication and lead to greater patient satisfaction at the completion of orthodontic treatment.
Judgment ; Patient Satisfaction ; Psychometrics

OBJECTIVE: We attempted to investigate the relation between naturally occurring hypnotic experiences and hypnotizability. We examined the correlations among hypnotic induction profile scores, natural hypnotic scores, induction scores and MBTI personality types. METHODS: Sixty-three medical students completed NHQ(natural hypnotic questionnaire) developed from a list of naturally occurring hypnotic-like experiences and MBTI(Myers-Briggs Type Inventory), HIF(Hypnotic Induction Profile) was also administered to all the subjects. HIF score and IND(induction score) were obtained. RESULTS: 1) The NHS(natural hypnotic score) was significantly correlated with IND in all the subjects. The IND also showed significant correlation with HIF score. 2) There was no significant correlation between NHS and HIP scores. 3) HIF scores were positively correlated with induction scores in all types of MBTI. 4) Natural hypnotic scores were positively correlated with HIF scores and induction scores in introvert and thinking types. 5) There were positive correlations between natural hypnotic scores and induction scores in intuition and judgment types. CONCLUSION: The natural hypnotic scores were correlated with induction scores. It is suggested that the more the naturally-occurring hypnotic experience is experienced, the better the hypnotic induction is induced In introvert and thinking types of MBTI personality types.
Hip ; Humans ; Intuition ; Judgment ; Students, Medical* ; Thinking

BACKGROUND: Verifying the effect of frailty on health-related quality of life may help us better understand the impact of frailty. The present study explored the relationship between frailty and health-related quality of life in community-dwelling Korean elderly. METHODS: Older adults aged 65 years or older recruited by judgment sampling of the population of Seocho-gu in Seoul were surveyed in 2011. The Korean frailty index measure developed by the Korean Geriatric Society was used as the outcome variable. Proportional odds model was used to evaluate the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and frailty. RESULTS: We found that, after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, being prefrail or frail significantly increased the proportional odds for lowering health-related quality of life than being nonfrail. In addition, of the five components of health-related quality of life, the magnitude of the adverse effects of frailty on HRQoL was largest for pain/discomfort, with anxiety/depression being the second largest. CONCLUSION: Compared to persons who are not frail, older Korean individuals identified as frail and prefrail exhibit significantly lower HRQoL scores. This association between Korean frailty measures and the generic measure of the HRQoL may offer new information to better understand frailty within its broader context.
Adult ; Aged ; Humans ; Judgment ; Quality of Life

OBJECTIVES: In recent years there has been a discernible increase of interest in facial expressions as a tool for affective neurosciences research which investigates the neural circuit for emotional perception and control. Though substantial researches have documented the universality of several emotional expressions, researches have shown evidences for cross-cultural differences of facial emotion recognition. Therefore the need for facial expressions of Koreans is gathering strength. Thus we developed the images of facial expressions of Korean people as a research tool for affective neurosciences and standardized them. METHODS: Three professional actors and three actresses were participated in this study (two in their twenties, two in their forties, two in their sixties). They were asked to pose each of the following facial expressions in turn: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise. And facial emotion identification test was done for one hundred common person to get percent of judgment of each emotion and intensity ratings for each photographs. RESULTS: Six facial expressions in each subject were obtained. Among six emotions, subjects performed better on the recognition of happiness and worse on the recognition of fear and disgust. Also, each emotion term was presented with a 9-point (0-8) scale on which subjects rated. All emotion terms displayed 4.7-7.0 point scale. CONCLUSION: We could obtain facial expressions of Koreans for happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise and neutral, and then standardized them. As a tool for affective neurosciences, it can be used for the investigation of neural circuit for emotion recognition and control.
Anger ; Facial Expression* ; Happiness ; Humans ; Judgment ; Neurosciences*

OBJECTIVES: In recent years there has been a discernible increase of interest in facial expressions as a tool for affective neurosciences research which investigates the neural circuit for emotional perception and control. Though substantial researches have documented the universality of several emotional expressions, researches have shown evidences for cross-cultural differences of facial emotion recognition. Therefore the need for facial expressions of Koreans is gathering strength. Thus we developed the images of facial expressions of Korean people as a research tool for affective neurosciences and standardized them. METHODS: Three professional actors and three actresses were participated in this study (two in their twenties, two in their forties, two in their sixties). They were asked to pose each of the following facial expressions in turn: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise. And facial emotion identification test was done for one hundred common person to get percent of judgment of each emotion and intensity ratings for each photographs. RESULTS: Six facial expressions in each subject were obtained. Among six emotions, subjects performed better on the recognition of happiness and worse on the recognition of fear and disgust. Also, each emotion term was presented with a 9-point (0-8) scale on which subjects rated. All emotion terms displayed 4.7-7.0 point scale. CONCLUSION: We could obtain facial expressions of Koreans for happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise and neutral, and then standardized them. As a tool for affective neurosciences, it can be used for the investigation of neural circuit for emotion recognition and control.
Anger ; Facial Expression* ; Happiness ; Humans ; Judgment ; Neurosciences*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To confirm the feasibility of using newly developed endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with Zone sonography(TM) technology (ZST; Fujifilm Corp.). METHODS: Seventy-five patients with pancreatic disorders were enrolled: 45 with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; 15 with ductal carcinoma; five with neuroendocrine tumors; three with serous cystic neoplasms; and seven with simple cysts. The endoscopes used were EG-530UR2 and EG-530UT2 (Fujifilm Corp.). Two items were evaluated: visualization depth among four frequencies and image quality after automatic adjustment of sound speed (AASS), assessed using a 5-scale Likert scale by two endosonographers blinded to disease status. Because sound speed could be manually controlled, besides AASS, image quality at sound speeds of 1,440 and 1,600 m/sec were also assessed. RESULTS: In all cases, sufficient images were obtained in the range of 3 cm from the EUS probe. Judgments of image quality before AASS were 3.49+/-0.50, 3.65+/-0.48, respectively. After AASS, A and B scored 4.36+/-0.48 and 4.40+/-0.49 (p<0.0001). There were significant differences in the data before and after AASS and plus 60 m/sec, but no significant difference between the datasets were seen after AASS and at sound speeds manually set for minus 100 m/sec. CONCLUSIONS: EUS with ZST was shown to be feasible in this preliminary experiment. Further evaluation of this novel technology is necessary and awaited.
Endoscopes ; Endosonography ; Humans ; Judgment ; Mucins ; Pancreatic Diseases

Neuroaesthetics is an area of research on the essence of aesthetic experience according to the neurobiological perspective. The purpose of this article is to introduce both the important results from some studies based on neuroaesthetics and some neuroaesthetic reports in specific psychiatric disease. Aesthetic experience is thought to be a series of cognitive and affective processes for pursuing aesthetic judgment and aesthetic emotion. According to the present neuroaesthetic studies, the important domains are reward system, embodiment, aesthetic perspective in contrast with practical perspective, sublime, and so on. The neuroaesthetic approach to specific psychiatric disease is just beginning; however, case studies on the sudden appearance of artistic talents in neuropsychiatric patients have been frequently reported. We expect that neuroaesthetics is likely to continue to contribute new knowledge regarding the ultimate causes of various psychiatric diseases and the creativity of many psychiatric patients.
Aptitude ; Beauty ; Brain ; Creativity ; Humans ; Judgment ; Reward