Objective To observe the effect of Glutsmine on intestinal barrier function after traumatic brain injury in rats. Methods A total of 54 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 groups, ie, normal group (Group N, 6 rats), TBI group (Group T, 24 rats) and Giutamine intervention group (Group G, 24 rats). Group T and Group G were subdivided into 4 groups according to detection time at days 1,3, 5 and 7 respectively. Meanwhile, 6 rats were enlisted in each group. The intestinal mucosa structure was detected by histopathological examination and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was detected by in situ immunohistochemical staining (TUNEL). Results Glutamine could relieve the pathological lesion of gut mucosa and decrease intestinal mucosa cell apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. Conclusion Glutamine can protect intestinal mucosa barrier function following traumatic brain injury.

Objective To investigate the distribution and genetic characteristic of etiological agents among children with hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Shanghai and neighbor areas in 2008.Methods Throat swabs were collected from the inpatients with HFMD from May to June 2008 in Pediatrics Hospital affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai,and Deqing,Zhejiang Province.Cerebral spinal fluid(CSF)from some patients were collected as well.Vero,MRC-5 and RD ceils were used to isolate the possible pathogens by observing cytopathic effect(CPE).Enterovirus genus,Coxsaekie virus group A type 16(CoxA16)and enterovirus type 71(EV71)were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and finally identified by sequencing.Results A total of 107 swabs and 22 CSF samples were collected from all 100 inpatients.Swabs of 50 children caused CPE observed.Among them,enteroviruses accounted for 74.0%(37/50),which including 26 (52.0%)of EV71,10(20%)of CoxAl6 and 1(2.0%)of CoxB3,and 13(26.0%)of other pathogens.All the 26 EV71 strains were similar with the isolates from Zhejiang Province and Fuyang,Anhui Province in 2008,which belonged tO genotype Cl all the 10 CoxAl6 strains belonged to genetic lineages C.Conclusions The causative agents of HFMD are complicated.CoxA16 and EV71 are predominant among children with HFMD in Shanghai and neighbor areas in 2008,while the pathogens of some patients are still unknown.

Klinefelter syndrome(KS) is the most common sex chromosome disorder in males,which is caused by the presence of the extra X chromosome that maybe inherited from mother or father. Approximately 80% karyotype of the cases is 47,XXY. KS is characterized by small firm testes, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, infertility,gynaecomastia, increased height. However, cognitive disabilities and psychiatric disorders are rarely diagnosed in KS because they lack screening in related aspects. At the present, the pathogenesis of cognitive disabilities and increased risk of psychiatric diseases in KS have not been delineated. In this article,we report two cases of KS,and review their clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and treatments.