ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of exhalation valve location as well as its type on carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing during noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV).Methods With a standardized NPPV experimental model system, the exhalation valve was respectively installed between the ventilator tube and mask (positionⅠ), or on the mask (positionⅡ). This study included four groups according to the position and type of exhalation valve, namely: single-arch exhalation valve was installed on the positionⅠ (A group), and positionⅡ (C group, the distal end of single-arch exhalation valve was blocked); plateau exhalation valve was installed on the positionⅠ (B group) and positionⅡ (D group, the distal end of plateau exhalation valve was blocked). Under standard experimental condition, the pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) was monitored in the trachea or the mask through adjusting the expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP, EPAP was set at 5 cmH2O and 10 cmH2O, 1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa) and tidal volume (VT, VT was set at 300, 400, 500 mL). Leakage of exhalation valve was monitored when single-arch exhalation and plateau exhalation valves were respectively placed in the positionⅠ through adjusting the inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP at 5, 10, 15, 20 cmH2O respectively). Results① Under standard experimental condition, when EPAP was 5 cmH2O, PETCO2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) in the trachea was 69.6±3.4, 61.4±2.7, 54.8±1.5, 49.8±1.3 in A, B, C, D groups respectively; and it was 24.8±1.9, 21.8±1.6, 2.8±0.8, 1.8±0.8 in the mask, respectively. When EPAP was 10 cmH2O, the PETCO2 in the trachea was 64.2±3.6, 57.2±3.7, 48.8±2.6, 41.8±2.6 in A, B, C, and D groups respectively; and it was 23.0±1.6, 20.2±1.6, 2.2±0.8, 1.2±0.8 in the mask, respectively. For the same exhalation valve type, exhalation valve being installed on positionⅡ could induce significantly lower PETCO2 in the trachea and mask than that being installed on positionⅠ (allP< 0.05). For the same expiratory valve position, plateau exhalation valve produced significantly lower PETCO2 than single-arch valve (allP< 0.05).② As the VT increased, the PETCO2 in the trachea of each group was reduced obviously. When VT was 500 mL, PETCO2 (mmHg) was significantly lower than VT, which were 300 mL and 400 mL (A group: 51.4±2.7 vs. 72.8±2.9, 69.6±3.4; B group: 44.8±2.4 vs. 65.4±2.1, 61.4±2.7;C group: 36.8±1.9 vs. 59.0±1.6, 54.8±1.5; D group: 28.8±1.9 vs. 52.6±2.0, 49.8±1.3; allP< 0.05).③ When exhalation valve type was placed in positionⅠ, the air leakage of single-arch exhalation valve was increased to (15.8±1.9), (20.2±1.9), (23.8±2.8), (28.0±1.6) L/min, and the plateau exhalation valve was essentially unchanged to (24.2±1.6), (23.8±1.6), (25.2±1.6), (25.2±1.6) L/min as the IPAP was increased from 5, 10, 15, to 20 cmH2O. Conclusions Exhalation valve fixing on mask is more appropriate for CO2 discharge than that fixed on tube-mask valve. Plateau exhalation valve as well as moderately increasing VT is beneficial for CO2 discharge and CO2 rebreathing prevention.

Objective To investigate the restrictive factors in the development of foreign medical education. Methods From the years 2011 to 2013, 350 foreign students conducted a questionnaire survey in Chongqing Medical University, and recovered 339 valid questionnaires. Results Only 33.0%(112/339) students thought that the teacher's English was fluent and 70.2% (238/339) needed to add Chinese class. Additionally, 69.6% (236/339) and 63.1% (214/339) students considered theoretical knowledge and practi-cal experience were not enough. 92.3%(313/339) students came from developing countries in Southeast Asia. 86.1%(292/339) foreign students considered that university management was insufficient. Conclusion The survey found the restrictive factors included students' demand for English and Chinese, lack of medical ex-pertise and practice, the problem of student sources and daily management difficulties and so on.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the extent of postoperative hip abductor insufficiency in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients undergoing anterolateral minimally invasive (ALMI) approach, and to investigate whether the clinical outcomes are more favorable in femoral neck fracture (FNF) patients than in non-femoral neck fracture (nFNF) patients.

METHODSA total of 48 patients were enrolled in this study. Each patient underwent a clinical examination preoperatively and 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks postoperatively. The abductor torque, Trendelenburg's sign, gait velocity, Harris hip score, Oxford hip score, Westren Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score and visual analog scale pain score were recorded. Statistical evaluation was performed with SPSS software version 18.0. The significance level was set at P<0.05.

RESULTSThe abductor torque of the operated hip and the recovery ratio showed a gradual improving tendency from 6 weeks postoperatively until the last follow-up. Gait velocity, Harris hip score, Oxford hip score and WOMAC score improved significantly after the operation until 24 weeks postoperatively. In the FNF group, the abductor torque of the operated side and the recovery ratio were significantly higher than in nFNF group at 6 weeks postoperatively, however, as time passed, this trend tended to disappear.

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates that patients can obtain good abductor strength and function in the early postoperative period and the hip abductor function of patients who suffer from hip osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head could be significantly improved following ALMI THA.

Aged ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Hip ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology ; Prospective Studies ; Recovery of Function ; Torque

Objective:To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and death risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural male population.Methods:22 282 men aged 40 years older in Tanghe county and Fenghuang county from the cohort of the "Prospective Study on Adult Behavior and Health Risk Factors in China" were selected as subjects of this study. Cox regression model was used to calculate the hazard ratios ( HRs) of the death of CVD during the follow-up period with different BMI groups at baseline. Results:The average follow-up period in the two counties was (19.1±8.7) years and 10 828 (48.6%) people died during the follow-up period. 4 504 deaths were attributed to CVD. Among the deaths of CVD, 1 279 cases died of ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke (IS) died in 1 201, cases died of died of 1 317 hemorrhagic stroke (HS), other 707 cases. Compared to population with BMI<18 kg/m 2, Cox regression model (adjusting factors of region, age, nationality, education level, occupation, smoking, drinking, blood pressure, blood pressure, etc.) showed that people with BMI between 20-22 kg/m 2 had the lowest risk of CVD death ( HR=0.95, 95 %CI: 0.83-1.09). But the difference was not statistically significant among each BMI group ( P>0.05). The risk of IHD death was the lowest in the population with BMI between 20-22 kg/m 2 ( P<0.05) ( HR=0.64, 95 %CI: 0.52-0.80). There was no statistically significant difference between the risk of IHD death in the population with BMI≥24 kg/m 2 and that in the population with BMI<18 kg/m 2 ( P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the risk of IS death and BMI ( P>0.05). The death risk of HS in the population with BMI between 18-24 kg/m 2 was higher than that in the population with BMI<18 kg/m 2 ( P<0.05). The death risk of the population with BMI between 26-28 kg/m 2 was the highest ( HR=1.88, 95 %CI:1.18-2.99). Conclusions:The mortality risk of CVD and IHD was the lowest in lean or normal weight group, and HS was higher in overweight group. Maintaining a reasonable weight can reduce the risk of death in patients with CVD.

Objective: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most common and severe mental disorders. Modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) is the most effective therapy for all kinds of SCZ, and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study is aim to detect the molecule mechanism by constructing the transcriptome dataset from SCZ patients treated with MECT and health controls (HCs). Methods: Transcriptome sequencing was performed on blood samples of 8 SCZ (BECT: before MECT; AECT: after MECT) and 8 HCs, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to cluster the different expression genes, enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) enrichment analysis were used to detect the related pathways. Results: Three gene modules (black, blue and turquoise) were significantly associated with MECT, enrichment analysis found that the long-term potentiation pathway was associated with MECT. PPI enrichment p-value of black, blue, turquoise module are 0.00127, <1×10-16 and 1.09×10-13, respectively. At the same time, EP300 is a key node in the PPI for genes in black module, which got from the transcriptome sequencing data. Conclusion It is suggested that the long-term potentiation pathways were associated with biological mechanism of MECT.

Objective: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most common and severe mental disorders. Modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) is the most effective therapy for all kinds of SCZ, and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study is aim to detect the molecule mechanism by constructing the transcriptome dataset from SCZ patients treated with MECT and health controls (HCs). Methods: Transcriptome sequencing was performed on blood samples of 8 SCZ (BECT: before MECT; AECT: after MECT) and 8 HCs, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to cluster the different expression genes, enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) enrichment analysis were used to detect the related pathways. Results: Three gene modules (black, blue and turquoise) were significantly associated with MECT, enrichment analysis found that the long-term potentiation pathway was associated with MECT. PPI enrichment p-value of black, blue, turquoise module are 0.00127, <1×10-16 and 1.09×10-13, respectively. At the same time, EP300 is a key node in the PPI for genes in black module, which got from the transcriptome sequencing data. Conclusion It is suggested that the long-term potentiation pathways were associated with biological mechanism of MECT.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of quercetin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice and explore its mechanism. METHODS: Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group (with saline treatment), 15 mg/kg LPS group, and quercetin-treated groups with intragastric quercetin treatment (once daily for 3 consecutive days) at low (25 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) dose prior to 15 mg/kg LPS injection. LPS was administered by intraperitoneally injection 1 after the last gavage of quercetin. The mice were sacrificed 24 h after LPS injection for analysis of kidney pathologies, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels; serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 were detected by ELISA, and the expressions of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), MyD88, TRAF-6 and NF-κBp65 in the kidney were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Quercetin significantly lessened renal pathologies, lowered BUN and creatinine levels ( < 0.05) and inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production in mice with LPS-induced AKI ( < 0.05). Pretreatment with quercetin also significantly inhibited TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF-6 expressions and NF-κBp65 activation in the kidneys of the rats with LPS challenge ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Quercetin pretreatment can protect mice against LPSinduced AKI by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; NF-kappa B ; Quercetin ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; drug effects

Objective: To assess the follow-up situstion and changes of policies related to the prevention and control on chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), in various provinces from 2011 to 2017. Methods: Three national assessment programs on the prevention and control capacity of NCDs were carried out from September 2012 to March 2013, September 2014 to March 2015, and July to November 2018 respectively. Data related to the capacity on policy implementation among the 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipality directly under the central government and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, were collected through online surveys. Results: The rate of data collection in all the provinces reached 100%, for all three surveys. In 2011, 2013, and 2017, the capacity for policy development special funding was distributed for prevention and control NCDs under the provincial fiscal revenue by 27 provinces (84.4%), 26 provinces (81.3%) and 25 provinces (78.1%), and the numbers of provincial governments leaders attended the local activities related to prevention and control NCDs was 15 (46.9%), 13 (40.6%) and 19(59.4%), respectively. From 2009 to 2011, 14 (43.8%) proposals related to the topics on prevention and control of NCDs, were raised at the provincial People’s Congress and Political Consultative Conference, while from 2011 to 2013 and2014 to 2017, 13 (40.6%) and 12 (37.5%) were respectively raised. In terms of capacity for policy development, numbers of provincial comprehensive plan which targeting prevention and control of NCDs reached 6 (18.8%), 20 (62.5%) and 27 (84.4%) in 2011, 2013, and 2017 respectively. In 2011, 2013 and 2017, numbers of provincial special plans that targeting on NCDs or the risk factors of NCDs prevention and control were 0, 1, and 3, respectively. Conclusions Under the continuous introduction of international and national policies related to prevention and control on NCDs, capacity for policy formulation in various provinces has been greatly improved. However, a slight progress has been made in the capacity for policy making. The increase of capacity building on policy making regarding prevention and control of NCDs, at the provincial government level, has become a key issue.

To study the interaction between C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and Riemerella anatipestifer (RA), we cloned duck C4BPα, conducted prokaryotic expression and prepared the polyclonal antibody by immunizing mice. Then indirect immunofluorescence assay and dot blotting hybridization assay were used to verify the interaction between C4BP and RA. The full length of duck C4BPα nucleotide sequence was 1 230 bp, with the highest similarity to chicken C4BPα (82.1%). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that duck C4BPα and chicken C4BPα were on the same phylogenetic tree branch and the genetic evolution relationship between them was the closest. C4BPα was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant proteins existed in intracellular soluble form. The titer of polyclonal antibody was more than 1:10 000 and polyclonal antibodies could specifically recognize the recombinant proteins. The results of indirect immunofluorescence assay and dot blot hybridization assay showed that RA could interact with duck C4BP. The results provide a basis to further reveal the pathogenesis of RA.
Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Complement C4b-Binding Protein ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Ducks ; classification ; genetics ; microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Mice ; Phylogeny ; Riemerella ; metabolism