Cadmium targets on kidney and bone and results in many toxic effects. Disturbance of calcium metabolism is one of the important aspects of cadmium toxicity, which includes reduced intestinal calcium absorption, increased urinary calcium excretion, negative calcium balance, development of osteomalacia and osteoporosis. There exists two potential mechanism of influence of cadmium on calcium metabolism. One is the direct inhibition of cadmium on active transports of calcium. The other is the indirect influence on calcium metabolism due to reduced renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholesterol induced by cadmium. Further research should focus on revealing how cadmium directly inhibits calcium entering into cells and transporting by calcium binding protein, elucidating whether renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholesterol is reduced in low-level cadmium exposure population, and also on clarifying the molecular biological mechanism of effects of cadmium on calcium metabolism.

Objective To observe the effect of smoking cessation intervention combined with salmeterol and fluticasone pro‐pionate powder for inhalation on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with clinical symptoms and pulmonary function .Methods Totally 78 male long‐term smoking cases were randomly divided into control group(n= 40)and observation group(n=38) .The control group was treated with the ophylline sustained‐release tablets ,shah mette lo fluticasone;observation group received smoking cessation intervention .The smoking rate ,symptoms ,acute exacerbation ,life score and lung function (FEV1 ,FEV1/FVC) ,adverse reactions of two groups were observed .Results Two groups of symptoms were all improved ,but the observation group was better (P<0 .05) .FEV1 ,FEV1/FVC ,acute exacerbation ,scores were improved ,but the observation group was better(all P<0 .05);quit rates in the observation group was better than that of the control group(P<0 .05);and did not found adverse reactions .Conclusion The effect of smoking cessation intervention combined with salmeterol and fluticasone propionate powder for inhalation efficacy in the treatment of COPD is distinct ,can improve the pulmonary function and symptoms .

Objective To explore the role of long-term enriched environment in promoting the recovery of motor and social function in mice after ischemic brain injury. Methods Sixteen adult male ICR mice underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The first day after operation, they were divided into enriched environment group (n=8) and standard condition group (n=8). The mice were tested with modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS), rotarod test and smart cage 7, 14, 21, 28 days after modeling. Results The score of mNSS and the result of rotarod test improved more in the enriched environment group than in the standard condition group 28 days after MCAO (t>2.927, P<0.05). The occupancy time in the middle of smart cage was longer in the enriched environment group than in the stan-dard condition group 7 to 28 days after MCAO (t>2.480, P<0.05) in the general move test. There was a trend of being more interested in strange mice in the enriched environment group than in the standard condition group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) in the social behavior test; however, the occupancy time in the middle of smart cage was longer in the enriched environment group than in the standard condition group 14 to 28 days after MCAO (t>3.472, P<0.01), and the velocity of moving was higher 14 days after MCAO (P<0.05). Conclusion Enriched environment could promote the recovery of motor function, somehow of social function, in mice af-ter ischemic brain injury.

Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPAl) is a cold sensitive cation channel, which could also be activated by various pungent compounds. As a transduction channel in a number of sensory modalities, TRPAl expressing in heterogonous systems serves to provide great convenience in pharmacological analysis and functional investigation. Due to cellular toxicity, establishment of stable TRPAl cell line has always been challenging. Nevertheless, the first stable human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line with un-controlled expression of TRPAl was successfully established. It was also confirmed that this stable cell line retained TRPAl expression for more than 25 passages in culture. The functional analysis of the cell response verified the stability and specificity of this novel recombinant TRPAl cell line. Altogether, the data indicated this TRPAl-HEK cell line would be a useful tool for functional analysis of TRPAl and for the development of high throughput screening (HTS) compatible assay in the effort to identify TRPAl modulators.

Objective　To investigate the expression and role of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β(IL-1β)、interleukin-6(IL-6)、interleukin-8(IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in epiretinal membranes(ERM)of eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).Methods　Nineteen epiretinal membranes were obtained from eyes undergoing vitrectomy for retinal detachment complicated with PVR and observed by immunohistochemical methods.Results　Expression of IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 and TNF-α were observed in 9、12、11and 15 membranes respectively, with positive staining mostly in the extracellular matrix of epiretinal membranes. Only one membrane showed positive to IL-6 intracellularly, expression for all the cytokines simultaneously in 4 membranes.Conclusion　The findings indicate that cytokine-mediated pathways of inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of PVR.

BACKGROUND:Bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) can accelerate vascularization of myocardial cell,relieve myocardial remodeling,and improve heart function.However,whether its paracrine action can facilitate the differentiation of CD117+ cardiac stem cells(CSCs) by effecting transforming growth factor-? Ⅲ(TGF-? Ⅲ) receptor expression is still unknown.OBJECTIVE:To study the influence of BMSCs on the expression of TGF-? Ⅲ receptor in the process of differentiation of CD117+ CSCs.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:In vitro cytology contract observation.The experiment was performed at the Xinhua Hospital from February 2008 to February 2009.MATERIALS:Neonatal rats,weighing 5-8 g,were used to prepare CSCs.Sprague Dawley rats,4 weeks old,weighing 200-250 g,were prepared for BMSCs.METHODS:CD117+CSCs were obtained from neonatal rats by explant cultures and magnetic bead cell sorting.Immunohistochemical experiment was performed to identify specificity of CSCs.CD117+CSCs suspension were synchronization without serum for 24 hours,washed by PBS for 3 times,and then cultured with DMEM/F12,followed by inoculation into 6-well plate.The cells were divided into the control and co-culture groups.In the control group,CSCs were induced differentiation by cardiac spheres,and Transwell chamber were used in the co-culture group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The growth of CSCs was observed by inverted microscope.The changes of cardiac Troponin T(cTnT),connexin43,TGF-? Ⅲ receptor,smad2 and phospho-smad2 expressions were detected by western blot at days 1,3,5 and 7 after culture.RESULTS:①CSCs isolated by explants cultures and MACS expressed CD117,which grew in disperse with smaller body.② The expression of cTnT and connexin43 were significantly higher in the co-culture group than that of the control group at days 5 and 7(P

Objective To establish a transfer model for excess relative risk (ERR) for radiation-related leukemia from Japanese population to Chinese population.Methods Combined ERR of several subtypes of leukemia published in 1994, with the corresponding leukemia baseline incidence rates obtained from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol.Ⅸ (CI5-Ⅸ) for Japanese population and Chinese population, a weighted risk transfer model was employed between an additive model and a multiplicative model, to execute ERR transfer.Results A range of weighing factors was proposed for risk transfer models:weighing factor was 0.4 for male and 0.3 for female, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia.The uncertainty for ERR transfer was characterized by lognormal distribution.Conclusions Based on the difference of baseline incidence rate for subtypes of leukemia between Japanese population and Chinese population, the transfer model and these weighing factors discussed in the present study could be applicable to transfer ERR for radiation-related leukemia from Japanese population to Chinese population.

Objective Our previous study showed that cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are expressed in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and the expression of COX-2 is prior to VEGF, indicating that COX-2 is probably one of upstream regulatory factors of VEGF. The aim of this study was to observe inhibition and mechanism of intravitreous injection of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on experimental choroidal neovascularization in a laser-induced rat model. Methods Retinal photocoagulation was performed in 36 right eyes of 36 male Brown Norway rats to establish CNV models with the laser parameter as follows:wavelength 532 nm, power 80 mW, spot diameter 100 p, m and time shutter 100 ms. Eight or ten spots were irradiated in the position of 1.5 - 2. 0 PD to optic disc. Celecoxib or normal saline solution was intravitreously injected via scleral incision in 18 right eyes of 18 rats, respectively. The thickness and area of CNV were qualified by HE staining(n =3) and by choroidal flatmount (n =3) at day 14 after photocoagulation under the light microscope. The expressions of VEGF and COX-2 in RPE-choroid-sclera complex were examined by Western blot(n =6) and RT-PCR(n =6) at day 7 after photocoagulation. The experimental procedure followed the Standard of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. The license for animal administration was obtained. Results After intravitreous injection with celecoxib, the thickness and area of CNV were significantly smaller in celecoxib group than normal saline group on 14 days (69. 75 μm ± 7. 50 μm vs 45. 84 μm ± 5. 59 μm in thickness and 87 854 pixel~2 ± 6 735 pixel~2 vs 61 101 pixel~2 ± 6 314 pixel~2 in area, P =0.00). The expressions of VEGF protein and mRNA were obviously lower in celecoxib group compared with normal saline group(t = 3. 755, P = 0.02; t =3. 155, P =0. 03) . No significant difference was found in expression of COX-2 mRNA between the two groups (t = 0. 581, P = 0. 59). Conclusion Intravitreous injection of celecoxib can effectively inhibit CNV by downregulating VEGF level, which is a new approach for the treatment of CNV.

Objective To estimate the excess relative risk coefficients of stomach cancer for Chinese population attributable to ionizing radiation.Methods The excess relative risk and excess absolute risk coefficients of stomach cancer were estimated based on Life Span Study by using risk models developed by BEIR Ⅶ committee (Biological Effect of Ionizing Radiation).Guided by transportation methods from Life Span Study to Americans,we determined that transportation method for Chinese population includes both multiplicative and additive models with a weight of 0.7 and 0.3 respectively,on an arithmetic scale.Besides,curve fitting was used to obtain sex-age-specific stomach cancer baseline incidence based on Chinese cancer annual report.Then,Chinese excess relative risk coefficients of stomach cancer were obtained by substituting excess relative risk,excess absolute risk of Life Span Study and Chinese baseline incidence rate into risk transportation model.Results Excess relative risk coefficients of stomach cancer for Chinese population are 0.26/Sv for male and 0.64/Sv for female,whose exposure age is 30 years old and cancer age is 60 years old.Coefficients increase with decreased exposure age and cancer age.Conclusions Excess relative risk coefficients of stomach cancer for Chinese population are by larger higher than that of Life Span Study,and their sex-age tendency are similar.

Objective To estimate the averaged excess relative risk(ERR) in Chinese population based on the radiogenic cancer risk of leukemia in Japanese atomic bomb survivor cohort,and to discuss proper method suitable for risk transfer between populations.Methods Based on BEIR Ⅶ radiogenic cancer model and population transfer model,and the 2009 Chinese leukemia baseline rates given in 2012 Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report,comparison was made of population incidences in seveal countries to adjust the weighting factors.Results The ERR of three subtypes of leukemia as a whole was obtained,and the weighting factors for risk transfer model was assumed.The additive factor for male was 0.2,and the multiplicative factor was 0.8,while the additive factor for female was 0.15,and the multiplicative factor was 0.85.Conclusions For the risk transfer between populations,weighting factor was adjusted as a whole to obtain the ERR value for estimating the risk to Chinese population.The risk transfer method suitable for Chinese population was obtained by using the incidence rate available for Chinese population to directly transfer radiation-induced leukemia risk to Chinese from Japanese.